. 2022 Jul 22;60(9):673–679. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000001747

TABLE 3.

Incidence Rate Ratios Comparing the Differential Impact of COVID on All-cause Utilization by Patient Characteristics

	Cardiovascular Disease			Kidney Disease			Diabetes
	Inpatient Admission	ED Visit	Outpatient E&M	Inpatient Admission	ED Visit	Outpatient E&M	Inpatient Admission	ED Visit	Outpatient E&M
Spring
Insurance type
Medicare	1.00	1.12^***	1.04^***	0.98	1.06^**	1.02^***	1.05^**	1.18^***	1.06^***
Age
Age 0–17	0.86	0.48^***	0.84^***	0.91	0.66^**	0.79^***	1.04	0.74^**	0.88^***
Age 18–44	1.03	0.96	1.03^**	1.14^***	1.05	1.05^***	1.14^***	1.01	1.06^***
Age 65+	0.86^***	0.79^***	0.86^***	0.89^***	0.85^***	0.87^***	0.83^***	0.78^***	0.85^***
Sex
Female	0.93^***	0.93^***	0.99^**	0.94^***	0.95^***	0.98^***	0.91^***	0.91^***	0.98^***
Region
New England	0.98	0.98	0.96^***	1.01	0.98	0.97^***	0.93^**	0.99	0.94^***
Middle Atlantic	0.82^***	0.88^***	0.97^***	0.85^***	0.87^***	0.94^***	0.78^***	0.91^***	0.94^***
East North Central	1.05^**	1.13^***	0.99	1.08^**	1.13^***	0.98^***	0.99	1.13^***	0.97^***
West North Central	1.06^*	1.17^***	1.03^***	1.13^**	1.17^***	1.02^*	1.08^*	1.15^***	1.04^***
East South Central	1.07^**	1.07^**	1.03^***	1.09^**	1.10^**	1.01	1.05^*	1.11^***	1.01
West South Central	0.98	1.10^*	1.08^***	1.07	1.05	1.09^***	1.02	1.11^***	1.07^***
Mountain	1.00	1.04	1.03^***	0.97	1.07^*	1.04^***	0.96	1.07^*	1.03^***
Pacific	1.04^*	1.06^**	1.05^***	1.05^*	1.07^**	1.05^***	1.02	1.09^***	1.03^***
Summer
Insurance type
Medicare	1.04^**	1.16^***	1.05^***	1.00	1.09^***	1.04^***	1.08^***	1.21^***	1.07^***
Age
Age 0–17	0.92	0.64^**	0.91^*	0.99	0.90	0.92^**	1.06	0.72^***	0.91^***
Age 18–44	0.91^**	0.94^*	1.02	1.04	1.00	1.04^***	1.04	0.98	1.03^***
Age 65+	0.87^***	0.82^***	0.92^***	0.95^**	0.88^***	0.93^***	0.87^***	0.81^***	0.91^***
Sex
Female	0.96^**	0.95^***	1.00	0.97^*	0.98	1.00	0.96^***	0.93^***	1.00
Region
New England	1.04	1.05^*	0.99	1.05	1.04	1.00	1.06^*	1.02	0.97^***
Middle Atlantic	1.06^**	0.99	1.05^***	1.07^*	0.98	1.03^***	1.03	0.97	1.03^***
East North Central	1.05^**	1.11^***	1.03^***	1.05^*	1.10^***	1.03^***	1.01	1.09^***	1.02^***
West North Central	1.13^***	1.16^***	1.04^***	1.10^**	1.10^**	1.05^***	1.08^**	1.19^***	1.04^***
East South Central	1.03	1.07^**	1.05^***	1.03	1.06^*	1.05^***	1.03	1.05^**	1.04^***
West South Central	0.91^*	1.01	1.02^*	0.89^*	1.02	1.05^***	0.91^*	1.01	1.02^**
Mountain	0.94^*	1.01	1.00	0.95	1.05	1.00	0.95	1.01	0.99
Pacific	0.99	0.99	1.01	0.99	0.98	1.01	0.96^*	0.98	0.99

Insurance type: commercial as a reference group. Age: 45–64 as a reference group. Sex: male as a reference group. Region: South Atlantic as a reference group.

ED indicates emergency department; E&M, evaluation and management.

P<0.05.

^**

P<0.01.

^***

P<0.001.

Source: Authors’ analysis of claims and enrollment data.