TABLE 2.
Content (%) of volatile compounds in smoked horse meat sausages from different regions.
| Compounds | C.RI | TC | AL | BL | BZ | YL | ML |
| Alcohols | |||||||
| Ethanol | 938.3 | 5.328 ± 0.113a | 4.297 ± 0.189a | 0.547 ± 0.133b | 14.473 ± 1.060c | 10.516 ± 0.985d | 24.398 ± 0.994e |
| 3-methyl-Cyclohexanol | 959.2 | n.d. | 0.470 ± 0.229a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.647 ± 0.133b |
| 1-Hexadecanol | 1095.5 | 0.982 ± 0.338a | 0.208 ± 0.047b | n.d. | 1.408 ± 0.205a | 3.853 ± 0.627c | n.d. |
| 1-Penten-3-ol | 1161.5 | 0.761 ± 0.388a | 0.749 ± 0.157a | 0.469 ± 0.208a | 0.612 ± 0.252a | n.d. | 2.131 ± 0.122b |
| 3-methyl-1-Butanol | 1207.8 | 0.556 ± 0.113a | 1.721 ± 0.410 | 0.341 ± 0.100a | 0.480 ± 0.057a | 2.270 ± 0.315b | n.d. |
| 1-Pentanol | 1246.4 | 0.998 ± 0.331ab | 2.633 ± 0.182c | 1.801 ± 0.153bc | 0.147 ± 0.047a | 17.68 ± 1.235d | 3.848 ± 0.260e |
| 2-Penten-1-ol | 1305.7 | 0.519 ± 0.198a | 0.489 ± 0.189a | 0.198 ± 0.093b | 0.054 ± 0.007b | n.d. | 0.645 ± 0.075a |
| 1-Hexanol | 1352.8 | 7.860 ± 0.430a | 11.507 ± 1.409c | 11.169 ± 0.416c | 9.089 ± 1.329a | 0.051 ± 0.004b | 0.918 ± 0.197b |
| 3-Octanol | 1392.0 | 0.031 ± 0.024a | 0.080 ± 0.020a | n.d. | 1.240 ± 0.153b | n.d. | n.d. |
| 2-Octanol | 1417.3 | 0.122 ± 0.055ab | n.d. | 0.211 ± 0.107b | 0.178 ± 0.069b | 0.066 ± 0.018a | 0.199 ± 0.035b |
| 6-Methyl-6-hepten-4-yn-3-ol | 1425.3 | 0.205 ± 0.053ab | n.d. | 0.153 ± 0.090a | 0.285 ± 0.080b | n.d. | 0.187 ± 0.030ab |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 1449.8 | 1.730 ± 0.331a | 7.044 ± 0.367b | 2.124 ± 0.289ae | 3.564 ± 0.404c | 0.108 ± 0.036d | 2.493 ± 0.445e |
| 1-Heptanol | 1454.5 | 2.515 ± 0.331a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.487 ± 0.157b | n.d. | 1.043 ± 0.151c |
| 3-Decen-1-ol | 1504.2 | 2.633 ± 0.224a | 0.912 ± 0.139b | 3.079 ± 0.351a | 5.053 ± 0.265c | 0.351 ± 0.153d | 8.866 ± 0.352e |
| Nonenal | 1544.1 | 1.640 ± 0.274a | 1.102 ± 0.189b | n.d. | 0.909 ± 0.150b | n.d. | 1.594 ± 0.156a |
| 1-Octanol | 1557.4 | 1.046 ± 0.252a | 1.215 ± 0.241a | 1.322 ± 0.265a | 1.115 ± 0.150a | 0.050 ± 0.004b | 0.375 ± 0.149b |
| 2-Octen-1-ol | 1616.4 | 0.067 ± 0.054a | 0.319 ± 0.124b | 0.250 ± 0.107b | 0.237 ± 0.100b | n.d. | 0.067 ± 0.011a |
| Benzeneethanol | 1923.4 | 0.226 ± 0.104a | 9.361 ± 0.139b | 2.092 ± 0.265c | 0.180 ± 0.053a | 4.217 ± 0.205d | 0.055 ± 0.030a |
| tetrahydro-2H-Pyran-2-methanol | 1973.9 | 0.059 ± 0.022a | n.d. | 0.052 ± 0.018a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.427 ± 0.100b |
| Aldehydes | |||||||
| Hexanal | 1082.2 | 2.925 ± 0.564a | 1.382 ± 0.278b | 0.868 ± 0.153b | 0.252 ± 0.087c | n.d. | 3.498 ± 0.309d |
| (E)-2-Pentenal | 1135.6 | 0.664 ± 0.250a | n.d. | 0.322 ± 0.050b | n.d. | n.d. | 1.002 ± 0.116c |
| Heptanal | 1187.9 | 1.954 ± 0.275a | 5.794 ± 0.378b | 4.224 ± 0.208c | 3.031 ± 0.153d | n.d. | 2.723 ± 0.265d |
| 2-Hexenal | 1224.6 | 0.701 ± 0.404ac | 0.531 ± 0.189a | 1.306 ± 0.208b | 1.075 ± 0.278c | n.d. | 0.669 ± 0.150ac |
| Octanal | 1292.5 | 2.228 ± 0.393a | 6.397 ± 0.273b | 4.876 ± 0.200c | 3.640 ± 0.252d | 0.140 ± 0.042e | 1.095 ± 0.252f |
| 2-Heptenal | 1330.5 | 1.556 ± 0.161a | 1.491 ± 0.241a | 1.507 ± 0.306a | 0.227 ± 0.080b | n.d. | 2.678 ± 0.265c |
| Non-anal | 1398.2 | 8.234 ± 0.517a | 14.404 ± 1.754b | 9.724 ± 0.624a | 20.383 ± 0.978c | 0.837 ± 0.153d | 3.947 ± 0.478e |
| 2,4-Hexadienal | 1414.0 | 0.388 ± 0.250a | n.d. | 1.103 ± 0.265b | n.d. | n.d. | 1.713 ± 0.451c |
| (E)-2-Octenal | 1437.2 | 3.792 ± 0.260a | 1.905 ± 0.139b | 3.632 ± 0.265a | n.d. | 0.560 ± 0.097c | 3.094 ± 0.265d |
| 3-(methylthio)-Propanal | 1465.3 | n.d. | 0.052 ± 0.010a | 0.050 ± 0.033a | n.d. | 0.045 ± 0.012a | n.d. |
| Benzaldehyde | 1539.3 | 1.479 ± 0.292a | 1.510 ± 0.139a | 2.446 ± 0.153b | 0.204 ± 0.101c | 0.390 ± 0.153c | 1.159 ± 0.289a |
| 2-Decenal | 1652.7 | 1.715 ± 0.180a | 1.239 ± 0.241b | 2.095 ± 0.252c | 0.285 ± 0.076d | n.d. | 0.613 ± 0.149e |
| Benzeneacetaldehyde | 1659.0 | 0.809 ± 0.274a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.263 ± 0.088b | 0.245 ± 0.067b | 0.172 ± 0.060b |
| (E,E)-2,4-Non-adienal | 1713.4 | 0.474 ± 0.267ac | 0.284 ± 0.139ab | 0.733 ± 0.361c | n.d. | n.d. | 0.232 ± 0.067ab |
| 4-ethyl-Benzaldehyde | 1725.1 | 0.217 ± 0.028a | 0.223 ± 0.091a | 0.061 ± 0.016b | n.d. | 0.186 ± 0.030a | 0.164 ± 0.060a |
| 4-Oxohex-2-enal | 1778.7 | 0.170 ± 0.054a | n.d. | 0.365 ± 0.265a | n.d. | 2.705 ± 0.208b | 0.314 ± 0.050a |
| (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal | 1822.8 | 0.601 ± 0.317a | 0.162 ± 0.126c | 0.218 ± 0.056bc | n.d. | n.d. | 0.470 ± 0.094ab |
| 3,5-dimethyl-Benzaldehyde | 1834.2 | 0.019 ± 0.005a | 0.072 ± 0.046ab | 0.123 ± 0.050bc | n.d. | n.d. | 0.140 ± 0.049c |
| Ketones | |||||||
| 2,3-Pentanedione | 1066.4 | 0.068 ± 0.030ac | n.d. | 0.031 ± 0.020b | n.d. | n.d. | 0.044 ± 0.012c |
| 3-Heptanone | 1155.8 | 0.370 ± 0.201a | 0.319 ± 0.184a | 0.058 ± 0.011b | 0.025 ± 0.010ab | 0.166 ± 0.048b | n.d. |
| 2-Heptanone | 1185.2 | n.d. | 0.770 ± 0.189a | n.d. | 0.261 ± 0.072b | 8.226 ± 0.231c | n.d. |
| 3-Octanone | 1257.6 | 0.271 ± 0.332ab | 0.056 ± 0.026a | n.d. | 0.467 ± 0.058b | 0.391 ± 0.096b | n.d. |
| 2-Octanone | 1286.7 | n.d. | 0.174 ± 0.069a | n.d. | 0.110 ± 0.013a | 0.393 ± 0.127b | n.d. |
| 3-hydroxy-2-Butanone | 1291.4 | 3.839 ± 0.317a | n.d. | 4.697 ± 0.058b | 0.133 ± 0.153c | 0.238 ± 0.090c | 0.189 ± 0.070c |
| 2,3-Octanedione | 1329.7 | 1.684 ± 0.292a | 1.006 ± 0.229b | n.d. | 0.170 ± 0.045c | 0.238 ± 0.080c | n.d. |
| 6-Octen-2-one | 1335.4 | 0.514 ± 0.194a | 0.321 ± 0.094b | n.d. | 0.554 ± 0.100a | 0.284 ± 0.059b | n.d. |
| 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 1381.8 | 0.030 ± 0.004a | n.d. | 0.052 ± 0.015a | 4.515 ± 0.601b | n.d. | 0.191 ± 0.029a |
| 3,5-Octadien-2-one | 1528.9 | 2.027 ± 0.274a | 0.662 ± 0.229b | 2.024 ± 0.153a | n.d. | n.d. | 2.904 ± 0.298c |
| Dihydro-2(3H)-Furanone | 1649.6 | 0.103 ± 0.092a | 0.454 ± 0.319b | 0.095 ± 0.024a | 0.073 ± 0.042a | 0.077 ± 0.019a | 0.172 ± 0.048a |
| Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-Furanone | 2049.0 | n.d. | 0.095 ± 0.046a | 0.023 ± 0.010b | 0.044 ± 0.014b | n.d. | n.d. |
| Acids | |||||||
| Acetic acid | 1455.1 | 2.501 ± 0.361a | 6.155 ± 1.718b | 5.994 ± 0.252b | 4.172 ± 1.009c | 0.416 ± 0.095d | 0.823 ± 0.118d |
| Propanoic acid | 1541.6 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.180 ± 0.053a | n.d. | 0.081 ± 0.005b | 0.216 ± 0.098a |
| Butanoic acid | 1630.2 | 0.118 ± 0.056a | 0.096 ± 0.047a | 0.869 ± 0.153b | n.d. | 0.066 ± 0.011a | 0.112 ± 0.019a |
| Pentanoic acid | 1739.2 | n.d. | 0.059 ± 0.023a | 0.078 ± 0.041a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.055 ± 0.009a |
| Hexanoic acid | 1846.6 | 2.149 ± 0.451a | 0.263 ± 0.064b | 6.054 ± 0.153c | 2.249 ± 0.265ad | 2.753 ± 0.451de | 3.261 ± 0.179e |
| Heptanoic acid | 1953.3 | 0.068 ± 0.009a | n.d. | 0.055 ± 0.013ab | n.d. | n.d. | 0.050 ± 0.017b |
| Octanoic acid | 2060.0 | 0.064 ± 0.010a | 0.134 ± 0.085ab | 0.179 ± 0.032b | n.d. | 0.165 ± 0.046b | 0.165 ± 0.046b |
| Nonanoic acid | 2165.9 | 0.044 ± 0.013a | 0.156 ± 0.047b | 0.099 ± 0.025c | 0.073 ± 0.023ac | n.d. | 0.051 ± 0.024ac |
| Decanoic acid | 2271.8 | 0.030 ± 0.016a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.050 ± 0.024a | 0.159 ± 0.054b |
| Benzoic acid | 2447.8 | 0.027 ± 0.014a | n.d. | 0.047 ± 0.029a | 0.062 ± 0.023a | 0.052 ± 0.010a | 0.054 ± 0.020a |
| Esters | |||||||
| Butanoic acid, ethyl ester | 1040.5 | n.d. | 0.264 ± 0.364a | 0.024 ± 0.012a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Hexanoic acid, methyl ester | 1188.8 | 0.328 ± 0.132a | n.d. | 0.759 ± 0.205b | 1.104 ± 0.112c | n.d. | 2.843 ± 0.279d |
| Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester | 1236.3 | 1.225 ± 0.101a | 0.465 ± 0.139bc | 0.636 ± 0.204b | n.d. | 0.218 ± 0.100c | 2.707 ± 0.259d |
| Acetic acid, hexyl ester | 1275.5 | 0.040 ± 0.008a | 0.078 ± 0.073a | 0.05 ± 0.014a | n.d. | 21.166 ± 1.453b | n.d. |
| Heptanoic acid, ethyl ester | 1337.3 | 0.596 ± 0.246a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.101 ± 0.018b |
| Octanoic acid, methyl ester | 1392.6 | 0.289 ± 0.194a | n.d. | 0.052 ± 0.013b | n.d. | 1.098 ± 0.173c | 0.423 ± 0.070a |
| Octanoic acid, ethyl ester | 1442.8 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.224 ± 0.129a | n.d. | 3.230 ± 0.344b |
| Decanoic acid, methyl ester | 1598.7 | 0.101 ± 0.019a | n.d. | 0.036 ± 0.017a | n.d. | 0.230 ± 0.085b | 0.401 ± 0.107c |
| Decanoic acid, ethyl ester | 1641.8 | 0.399 ± 0.202a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.218 ± 0.03b | 0.468 ± 0.076a |
| n-Caproic acid vinyl ester | 1670.6 | 0.746 ± 0.205a | 0.375 ± 0.139b | 2.004 ± 0.153c | 0.815 ± 0.306a | 0.218 ± 0.095b | 0.546 ± 0.087ab |
| Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester | 1805.7 | 0.294 ± 0.175a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.008 ± 0.004b | 0.024 ± 0.007b |
| Terpenes | |||||||
| D-Limonene | 1194.1 | n.d. | 0.084 ± 0.008a | 0.952 ± 0.105ab | 1.388 ± 0.205b | 6.432 ± 1.358c | n.d. |
| 2-Undecenal | 1761.4 | 0.551 ± 0.161a | 0.978 ± 0.091b | 0.561 ± 0.20a | 0.226 ± 0.100c | 0.105 ± 0.009c | 0.155 ± 0.043c |
| tetradecyl-Oxirane | 2140.0 | 0.055 ± 0.018a | 0.396 ± 0.182b | n.d. | 0.346 ± 0.166b | 0.063 ± 0.023a | n.d. |
| Others | |||||||
| 2,7,10-trimethyl-Dodecane | 1039.2 | 0.088 ± 0.038a | 0.75 ± 0.391b | n.d. | 0.257 ± 0.151a | 0.170 ± 0.059a | n.d. |
| 4-ethyl-Heptane | 1052.6 | n.d. | 0.268 ± 0.091a | n.d. | 0.220 ± 0.119a | 0.175 ± 0.050a | n.d. |
| 4-methyl-Decane | 1056.0 | n.d. | 0.508 ± 0.189a | 0.172 ± 0.053b | 0.202 ± 0.083b | 0.197 ± 0.032b | n.d. |
| Ethyl-benzene | 1125.7 | n.d. | 0.279 ± 0.168a | 0.192 ± 0.076a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 1,4-dimethyl-Benzene | 1130.8 | n.d. | 0.397 ± 0.132a | 1.147 ± 0.096b | 0.264 ± 0.054c | 0.199 ± 0.057c | n.d. |
| p-Xylene | 1141.2 | n.d. | 0.291 ± 0.193a | 1.683 ± 0.153b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Pentadecane | 1169.6 | n.d. | 0.249 ± 0.136a | n.d. | 0.190 ± 0.045a | n.d. | n.d. |
| Heptadecane | 1173.6 | n.d. | 0.208 ± 0.137 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| o-Xylene | 1185.6 | n.d. | 1.339 ± 0.262a | 0.705 ± 0.282b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 3,6-dimethyl-Undecane | 1197.1 | 0.383 ± 0.205a | 1.016 ± 0.278b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 4-methyl-Dodecane | 1203.9 | 0.037 ± 0.017a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.071 ± 0.014a | n.d. | 0.144 ± 0.062b |
| 4,6-dimethyl-Dodecane | 1232.3 | n.d. | 0.209 ± 0.126a | n.d. | 0.443 ± 0.150b | 0.166 ± 0.054a | n.d. |
| 2-pentyl-Furan | 1233.7 | 0.393 ± 0.165ab | 0.662 ± 0.364bc | 0.730 ± 0.071c | n.d. | 0.112 ± 0.012ad | 0.204 ± 0.051ad |
| 2,4,6-trimethyl-Decane | 1243.1 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.522 ± 0.208a | 0.680 ± 0.252a | n.d. | n.d. |
| Styrene | 1263.2 | 0.765 ± 0.260a | 1.401 ± 0.213b | 7.934 ± 0.348c | 0.089 ± 0.033d | 1.214 ± 0.264b | 0.334 ± 0.071d |
| Hexadecane | 1297.6 | 0.161 ± 0.048a | 0.752 ± 0.197b | n.d. | 0.486 ± 0.113c | n.d. | 0.077 ± 0.012a |
| 2,4-Heptadiena | 1475.1 | 1.105 ± 0.319a | 0.204 ± 0.043b | 1.122 ± 0.252a | n.d. | 0.073 ± 0.061b | 6.675 ± 0.568c |
| Diallyl disulfide | 1489.0 | 20.999 ± 2.153a | 0.328 ± 0.139b | 1.497 ± 0.219b | 9.003 ± 0.314c | 0.053 ± 0.019b | n.d. |
| 4-bromo-Octane | 1548.7 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.154 ± 0.145a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.442 ± 0.078a |
| 2-methoxy-Phenol | 1873.9 | 0.675 ± 0.222a | n.d. | n.d. | 1.501 ± 0.316b | 3.138 ± 0.404c | n.d. |
| 2-methyl-Phenol | 2011.6 | 0.656 ± 0.274a | 0.145 ± 0.070b | 0.036 ± 0.010b | 0.068 ± 0.013b | 2.373 ± 0.355c | 0.149 ± 0.172b |
| Phenol | 2015.6 | 0.867 ± 0.164a | 0.079 ± 0.056a | 0.035 ± 0.017a | 0.026 ± 0.009a | 4.019 ± 1.061b | 0.058 ± 0.058a |
| 2,3-dimethyl-Phenol | 2185.0 | 0.140 ± 0.111a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.619 ± 0.201b | 0.491 ± 0.153b | n.d. |
Mean value ± SE (n = 3) followed by different lower-case letters in each column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.