Runtime and memory usage. Total runtime (A,B) and peak memory use (C,D) for mapping ~600 million NovaSeq 6000 reads using 16 threads. Reads were mapped (A,C) to the 1000GP derived graph or (for linear mappers) the GRCH38 assembly, and (B, D) to the HGSVC graph or GRCh38 reference, respectively. HISAT2*: results are shown for the subset 1000GP graph (22). Giraffe full refers to mapping using the full GBWT of all haplotypes. Giraffe sampled refers to mapping using the 64-haplotype sampled GBWT.