Table 1. Association of sarcopenia-related traits with FNK-BMD and LS-BMD using MR-Egger and IVW analysis.

Exposures	Outcomes	No. of IVs	Heterogeneity test	MR Egger		IVW (random-effect model)
			Cochran’s Q (p)	Intercept (p)	p	Estimates (95% CI)	p
Right hand grip strength	LS-BMD	159	269.446 (<0.001)	0.003	0.529	0.318 (0.138, 0.498)	0.001*
Left hand grip strength	LS-BMD	147	273.941 (<0.001)	−0.003	0.574	0.358 (0.160, 0.556)	3.97E-04
Right leg FFM	LS-BMD	455	693.106 (<0.001)	−0.001	0.598	0.090 (0.002, 0.179)	0.045
Left leg FFM	LS-BMD	448	647.665 (<0.001)	0.000	0.998	0.103 (0.017, 0.190)	0.019
Right arm FFM	LS-BMD	461	750.518 (<0.001)	0.002	0.206	0.118 (0.021, 0.214)	0.017
Left arm FFM	LS-BMD	466	736.733 (<0.001)	0.000	0.88	0.099 (0.006, 0.192)	0.036
Whole body FFM	LS-BMD	493	756.673 (<0.001)	0.000	0.922	0.098 (0.012, 0.184)	0.025
Walking pace	LS-BMD	56	61.127 (0.265)	−0.002	0.725	−0.027 (-0.449, 0.395)	0.901
Right hand grip strength	FNK-BMD	159	314.781 (<0.001)	0.002	0.575	−0.021 (−0.216, 0.173)	0.829
Left hand grip strength	FNK-BMD	147	235.815 (<0.001)	−0.001	0.882	0.082 (−0.076, 0.240)	0.31
Right leg FFM	FNK-BMD	455	784.053 (<0.001)	0.002	0.119	−0.039 (−0.120, 0.042)	0.343
Left leg FFM	FNK-BMD	448	679.473 (<0.001)	0.002	0.062	−0.023 (-0.099, 0.053)	0.548
Right arm FFM	FNK-BMD	461	766.006 (<0.001)	0.001	0.277	−0.004 (−0.087, 0.080)	0.933
Left arm FFM	FNK-BMD	466	804.892 (<0.001)	0.001	0.363	0.002 (−0.082, 0.085)	0.967
Whole body FFM	FNK-BMD	493	870.233 (<0.001)	0.001	0.629	−0.02 (−0.099, 0.059)	0.614
Walking pace	FNK-BMD	56	48.029 (0.736)	0.007	0.145	0.119 (−0.129, 0.366)	0.348

^*p < 0.00625. Abbreviations: MR: Mendelian randomization; IVW: inverse variance weighted; IVs: instrumental variables; CI: confidence interval; FFM: fat-free mass.