Table 4. Association of Heel-BMD with sarcopenia-related traits using weighted median, RAPS and MR-PRESSO analysis.

Exposures	Outcomes	No. of IVs	Weighted median		RAPS		MR-PRESSO
			Estimates (95% CI)	p	Estimates (95% CI)	p	Estimates (95% CI)	p
Heel-BMD	Right hand grip strength	350	0.008 (-0.004, 0.019)	0.177	0.012 (0.000, 0.024)	0.052	0.014 (0.004, 0.024)	0.007
Heel-BMD	Left hand grip strength	350	0.012 (0.001, 0.024)	0.037	0.017 (0.005, 0.029)	0.007	0.017 (0.007, 0.027)	0.001*
Heel-BMD	Right leg FFM	350	0.024 (0.013, 0.035)	1.42E-05*	0.016 (0.000, 0.032)	0.050	0.014 (0.005, 0.023)	0.003*
Heel-BMD	Left leg FFM	350	0.023 (0.012, 0.033)	2.03E-05*	0.014 (−0.002, 0.030)	0.084	0.012 (0.003, 0.021)	0.009
Heel-BMD	Right arm FFM	350	0.011 (0.000, 0.021)	0.040	0.02 (0.005, 0.035)	0.007	0.011 (0.002, 0.021)	0.023
Heel-BMD	Left arm FFM	350	0.013 (0.004, 0.022)	0.005*	0.02 (0.005, 0.035)	0.008	0.014 (0.004, 0.023)	0.005*
Heel-BMD	Whole body FFM	350	0.017 (0.007, 0.027)	0.001*	0.017 (0.000, 0.033)	0.045	0.008 (−0.002, 0.017)	0.113
Heel-BMD	Walking pace	350	−0.003 (−0.012, 0.005)	0.456	−0.007 (−0.014, 0.001)	0.071	−0.007 (−0.014, 0.000)	0.049

^*p < 0.00625. Abbreviations: RAPS: robust adjusted profile score; IVs: instrumental variables; CI: confidence interval; FFM: fat-free mass.