Table 5. Association of FNK-BMD and LS-BMD with sarcopenia-related traits using MR-Egger and IVW analysis.

Exposures	Outcomes	No. of IVs	Heterogeneity test	MR Egger		IVW (random-effect model)
			Cochran’s Q (p)	Intercept (p)	p	Estimates (95% CI)	p
LS-BMD	Right hand grip strength	22	71.137 (<0.001)	0.004	0.134	0.037 (0.018, 0.056)	1.50 E-04*
LS-BMD	Left hand grip strength	22	60.094 (<0.001)	0.004	0.131	0.033 (0.015, 0.050)	2.11 E-04*
LS-BMD	Right leg FFM	22	159.391 (<0.001)	0.003	0.459	0.049 (0.024, 0.074)	1.15 E-04*
LS-BMD	Left leg FFM	22	155.980 (<0.001)	0.003	0.396	0.047 (0.022, 0.071)	1.90 E-04*
LS-BMD	Right arm FFM	22	124.291 (<0.001)	0.004	0.214	0.054 (0.034, 0.075)	3.04E-07*
LS-BMD	Left arm FFM	22	115.763 (<0.001)	0.004	0.161	0.053 (0.032, 0.073)	4.53E-07*
LS-BMD	Whole body FFM	22	162.964 (<0.001)	0.004	0.24	0.053 (0.029, 0.077)	1.60 E-05*
LS-BMD	Walking pace	22	49.715 (<0.001)	−0.001	0.751	−0.014 (−0.027, 0.000)	0.042
FNK-BMD	Right hand grip strength	21	82.603 (<0.001)	0.004	0.297	0.034 (0.010, 0.058)	0.005*
FNK-BMD	Left hand grip strength	21	70.021 (<0.001)	0.004	0.238	0.034 (0.012, 0.056)	0.002*
FNK-BMD	Right leg FFM	21	188.314 (<0.001)	0.011	0.029	0.051 (0.020, 0.083)	0.001*
FNK-BMD	Left leg FFM	21	180.373 (<0.001)	0.01	0.038	0.051 (0.020, 0.082)	0.001*
FNK-BMD	Right arm FFM	21	158.111 (<0.001)	0.009	0.041	0.064 (0.036, 0.091)	5.53E-06*
FNK-BMD	Left arm FFM	21	157.948 (<0.001)	0.009	0.045	0.064 (0.036, 0.092)	7.94E-06*
FNK-BMD	Whole body FFM	21	220.869 (<0.001)	0.011	0.037	0.064 (0.032, 0.097)	1.08 E-04*
FNK-BMD	Walking pace	21	27.197 (0.130)	0.001	0.542	−0.001 (−0.013, 0.010)	0.838

^*p < 0.00625. Abbreviations: MR: Mendelian randomization; IVW: inverse variance weighted; IVs: instrumental variables; CI: confidence interval; FFM: fat-free mass.