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. 2022 Jul 13;608(7922):374–380. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04954-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — a, Mean response of VTA-DA neurons during an Ensure lick bout. b, Mean neuron activity during consumption of water and Ensure, depicted as the mean trace and summary plot. “Lick response” is defined as the mean z-scored change of activity from 0 to 30 s after the onset of consumption. “Delayed response” is defined as the mean z-scored change of activity from 0 to 20 min after the end of consumption. c, Responses of individual VTA-DA neurons during and after IG infusion of Ensure and water (1.2 mL). Neurons are separated according to whether they are activated most strongly during or after IG infusion. d, Mean responses of activated and inhibited neurons during and after IG infusion (population weighted z-score, as defined in Fig. 1). e, Rise time of neurons activated (from Extended Data Fig. 2c). ns.P > 0.05, ***P < 0.001, by permutation test. All error bars and shaded lines show mean±s.e.m.