Table 6.
Comparison of clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety in perinatal women during the COVID-19 pandemic versus pre-pandemic studies.
| Depression |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnant women |
Postpartum women |
|||||||
| Pre-pandemic |
Pandemic |
χ2 | Pre-pandemic |
Pandemic |
χ2 | |||
| Study | EPDS ≥13 n (%) |
EPDS ≥13 n (%) |
Study | EPDS ≥13 n (%) |
EPDS ≥13 n (%) |
|||
| Brazil | Jacques et al., 2021 | 504 (16.1) | 101 (37.7) | 78.70⁎⁎⁎ | Filha et al., 2016 | 3065 (25.7) | 282 (47.2) | 134.61⁎⁎⁎ |
| Chile | Jadresic et al., 1992 | 8 (7.4)a | 85 (49.4) | 52.79⁎⁎⁎ | Rojas et al., 2018 | 121 (39.7)a | 150 (55.1) | 13.82⁎⁎⁎ |
| Cyprus | n.a. | n.a. | 40 (18.2) | n.a. | n.a. | 56 (22.5) | ||
| Greece | Koutra et al., 2014 | 73 (16.7) | 64 (19.0) | 0.71 | Chatzi et al., 2011 | 74 (14.0) | 90 (23.9) | 14.66⁎⁎⁎ |
| Israel | Polachek et al., 2014 | 22 (24.7)b | 75 (34.4) | 2.74 | Simhi et al., 2019 | 84 (8.4)a | 128 (38.2) | 166.92⁎⁎⁎ |
| Portugal | Figueiredo and Conde, 2011 | 49 (19.0)a | 298 (39.6) | 36.87⁎⁎⁎ | Costa et al., 2007 | 27 (13.7) | 188 (28.1) | 16.90⁎⁎⁎ |
| Spain | Vázquez and Míguez, 2019 | 133 (23.4)a | 153 (43.3) | 40.60⁎⁎⁎ | Escriba-Aguir and Artazcoz, 2011 | 48 (11.4) | 159 (33.5) | 60.93⁎⁎⁎ |
| Turkey | Dikmen-Yildiz et al., 2017 | 262 (27.5)c | 261 (32.4) | 4.81⁎ | Dikmen-Yildiz et al., 2017 | 219 (25.5) | 216 (34.8) | 15.03⁎⁎⁎ |
| UK | Howard et al., 2018 | 143 (26.2) | 63 (31.7) | 2.14 | Matijasevich et al., 2009 | 1393 (10.1) | 136 (39.3) | 298.71⁎⁎⁎ |
| Anxiety |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnant women |
Postpartum women |
|||||||
| Pre-pandemic |
Pandemic |
χ2 | Pre-pandemic |
Pandemic |
χ2 | |||
| Study | GAD-7 ≥10 (%) | GAD-7 ≥10 (%) | Study | GAD-7 ≥10 (%) | GAD-7 ≥10 (%) | |||
| Brazil | Pabon et al., 2020 | 159 (29.9) | 92 (34.3) | 1.59 | Lamus et al., 2021 | 101 (19.6) | 250 (41.9) | 63.45⁎⁎⁎ |
| Chile | n.a. | n.a. | 62 (36.0) | n.a. | n.a. | 113 (41.5) | ||
| Cyprus | n.a. | n.a. | 30 (13.6) | n.a. | n.a. | 40 (16.1) | ||
| Greece | n.a. | n.a. | 51 (15.1) | n.a. | n.a. | 96 (25.5) | ||
| Israel | n.a. | n.a. | 33 (15.2) | n.a. | n.a. | 41 (12.3) | ||
| Portugal | n.a. | n.a. | 149 (19.8) | n.a. | n.a. | 151 (22.6) | ||
| Spain | Soto-Balbuena et al., 2018 | 31 (8.2) | 104 (29.5) | 56.48⁎⁎⁎ | n.a. | n.a. | 160 (33.7) | |
| Turkey | n.a. | n.a. | 102 (12.7) | n.a. | n.a. | 101 (16.3) | ||
| United Kingdom | n.a. | n.a. | 42 (21.1) | n.a. | n.a. | 97 (28.0) | ||
Notes: n.a. = no study available using this instrument; UK = United Kingdom. EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener. In cases where the pre-pandemic studies used an EPDS cutoff score different than 13, and to enable comparisons with our own data, we recalculated the frequencies and percentages for our pandemic data according to the specific cutoff score used by each of those pre-pandemic studies.
⁎
p < .05.
⁎⁎⁎
p < .001.
a
EPDS ≥10.
b
EPDS ≥11.
c
EPDS ≥12.