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Meso-parameters of the smooth-joint model in the numerical simulations.
| Normal stiffness (GPa) | Normal and tangential stiffness ratio | Contact friction coefficient | Dilatancy angle (°) | Average contact tensile strength (Pa) | Standard deviation of contact tensile strength (Pa) | Average contact cohesion (Pa) | Standard deviation of contact cohesion (Pa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
