Table 1.

Summary of reviewed articles whereby epigenetic modifications of genes from cell-type-enriched isolates, or genes with cell-type-enriched expression from heterogenous brain tissue, were measured in offspring exposed to early life stress.

Cell type	Analysis	Stress timing	Animal	Early life stress type	Age point(s)	Sex	Brain region	Findings	Reference
Neuron	Isolates	Postnatal	Rat	Maternal separation	PND56	Male	DG	↑ Retinoic acid receptor promoter DNAm of CpG island	[102]
				Neonatal stress	PND90	Both	mPFC	↑ Bdnf IV DNAm across 12 CpG sites (females only)	[100]
	Enriched expression	Prenatal	Rat	Maternal stress	PND0	Male	Whole brain	↑ miR-323	[108]
				Maternal stress	PND60	Male	HPC & PFC	↑ miR-133b in HPC ↓ miR-133b in PFC	[103]
		Postnatal	Mouse	Maternal separation	PND42–56	Both	AMY	↑ Htr1a promoter DNAm (females)	[113]
				Maternal separation	PND16	Male	HPC	↑ Arc promoter histone H4ac	[109]
			Rat	Maternal separation	PND60	Both	PVN & CeA	↓ Crh promoter CpG1 and CpG2 methylation in PVN	[119]
				Maternal separation and/or CUS	Adult	Male	NAc & striatum	↑ miR-326 in NAc ↓ miR-326 in striatum (for CUS & MS+CUS only)	[117]
				Maternal separation	Adult	Undeclared	Ca1	↑ Crh promoter histone H3ac ↓ Crh promoter CpG methylation	[64]
Microglia	Isolates	Prenatal	Mouse	Maternal allergic asthma	PND35	Female	Whole brain	WGBS, DMR, functional annotation, pathway analysis	[129]
		Postnatal	Rat	Maternal separation+ handling	~PND60	Male	NAc	↓ Il10 gene CpG island methylation	[131]
				Neonatal alcohol	PND6 & 90	Combined	Mediobasal hypoT	↑ Tnfa promoter histone H3K9ac ↑ Il6 promoter histone H3K9ac	[130]
	Enriched expression	Prenatal	Rat	Maternal LPS	PND1	Undeclared	Whole brain	↓ miR-146 & miR-126	[132]
Oligoden-drocyte	Isolates	Postnatal	Human	Childhood abuse	Childhood abuse: 19–85 years Controls: 15–81 years	Combined	ACC	↓ LINGO3 gene CpG methylation ↓ POU3F1 gene CpG methylation	[139]
	Enriched expression	Prenatal	Rat	Maternal stress	PND0	Male	Whole brain	↑ miR-219	[108]
Astrocyte	Enriched expression	Postnatal	Rat	Maternal separation	PND35	Male	Frontal cortex	↓ Gfap promoter CpG methylation	[138]

ac acetylation, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, AMY amygdala, Arc activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, Bdnf brain derived neurotrophic factor, CeA central amygdala, Crh corticotropin releasing hormone, CUS chronic unpredictable stress, DG dentate gyrus, DNAm DNA methylation, DMR differentially methylated regions, Gfap glial fibrillary acidic protein, HPC hippocampus, Htr1a serotonin receptor 1A, HypoT hypothalamus, Il10 interleukin 10, LINGO3 leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing nogo receptor-interacting protein 3, LPS lipopolysaccharide, miR micro-RNA, mPFC medial prefrontal cortex, MS maternal separation, NAc nucleus accumbens, PND postnatal day, POU3F1 POU class 3 homeobox 1, PVN paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, WGBS whole genome bisulfite sequencing.