Table 2.
Hazard ratio of diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent death, hospitalisation and admission to ICU by nationality.
| Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection | Population | Cases | PD | Incidence per 100,000 PD | Crude HR | (95% CI) | Adjusted HRa | (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nationality (1) | ||||||||
| Italian | 52,708,701 | 3,774,802 | 20,069,606,450 | 18.8 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-Italian |
5,079,319 |
336,265 |
1,946,192,112 |
17.3 |
0.92 |
(0.92–0.92) |
0.81 |
(0.80–0.81) |
| Death |
Cases |
Deaths |
PD |
Death rate per 100,000 PD |
Crude HR |
(95% CI) |
Adjusted HRa |
(95% CI) |
| Nationality (1) | ||||||||
| Italian | 3,774,802 | 74,781 | 111,928,756 | 66.8 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-Italian | 336,265 | 1511 | 10,062,137 | 15.0 | 0.23 | (0.21–0.24) | 1.03 | (0.97–1.08) |
| Nationality (2) | ||||||||
| Italian | 3,774,802 | 74,781 | 111,928,756 | 66.8 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low-HDI countries | 55,471 | 202 | 1,660,556 | 12.2 | 0.18 | (0.16–0.21) | 1.41 | (1.23–1.62) |
| Medium-HDI countries | 190,264 | 907 | 5,692,805 | 15.9 | 0.24 | (0.22–0.25) | 1.00 | (0.94–1.07) |
| High-HDI countries |
90,530 |
402 |
2,708,776 |
14.8 |
0.22 |
(0.20–0.25) |
0.95 |
(0.86–1.05) |
| Hospitalisation |
Cases |
Hospitalised patients |
PD |
Hospitalisation rate per 100,000 PD |
Crude HR |
(95% CI) |
Adjusted HRa |
(95% CI) |
| Nationality (1) | ||||||||
| Italian | 3,774,802 | 278,741 | 105,481,161 | 264.3 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-Italian | 336,265 | 28,256 | 9,303,341 | 303.7 | 1.15 | (1.13–1.16) | 1.90 | (1.87–1.92) |
| Nationality (2) | ||||||||
| Italian | 3,774,802 | 278,741 | 105,481,161 | 264.3 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low-HDI countries | 55,471 | 5912 | 1,496,539 | 395.0 | 1.48 | (1.44–1.52) | 2.88 | (2.81–2.96) |
| Medium-HDI countries | 190,264 | 16,728 | 5,245,203 | 318.9 | 1.20 | (1.18–1.22) | 1.90 | (1.87–1.93) |
| High-HDI countries |
90,530 |
5616 |
2,561,600 |
219.2 |
0.84 |
(0.82–0.86) |
1.41 |
(1.38–1.45) |
| Admission to ICU |
Hospitalised cases |
Admitted to ICU |
PD |
ICU admission rate per 100,000 PD |
Crude HR |
(95% CI) |
Adjusted HRa |
(95% CI) |
| Nationality (1) | ||||||||
| Italian | 278,741 | 40,775 | 6,637,420 | 614.3 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-Italian | 28,256 | 2871 | 763,321 | 376.1 | 0.66 | (0.64–0.69) | 1.08 | (1.04–1.13) |
| Nationality (2) | ||||||||
| Italian | 278,741 | 40,775 | 6,637,420 | 614.3 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low-HDI countries | 5912 | 479 | 163,556 | 292.9 | 0.52 | (0.48–0.57) | 1.09 | (0.99–1.19) |
| Medium-HDI countries | 16,728 | 1765 | 451,098 | 391.3 | 0.69 | (0.65–0.72) | 1.10 | (1.04–1.15) |
| High-HDI countries | 5616 | 627 | 148,667 | 421.7 | 0.73 | (0.68–0.79) | 1.05 | (0.97–1.13) |
CI, confidence interval; HDI, human development index; HR, hazard ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; PD, person-days; ref., reference category.
a
Adjusted for sex, age, geographical region of diagnosis, level of urbanisation of the municipality of residence, level of social and material vulnerability of the municipality of residence and calendar week of diagnosis.