Table 3.
Potential host directed immunotherapeutic approaches against M.tb infection.
| S. No. | Therapeutic candidates | Host protective immunological characteristics | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Ibuprofen | Inhibits neutrophil infiltration and detrimental inflammation at the site of infection | (108, 109) |
| 2. | Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) | Anti-inflammatory responses reduce detrimental pathology | (108) |
| 3. | Monosodium Urate (MSU) | Activation of immune responses to augment antimycobacterial efficacy of BCG | (110) |
| 4. | Calcimycin | Induction of autophagy by binding to P2X7 receptors | (111) |
| 5. | Verapamil | Inhibits LTCC channels thereby induces autophagy by increasing Ca2+ levels. | (112) |
| 6. | Clofazimine | Enrichment of stem cell memory T memory responses upon BCG revaccination | (113) |
| 7. | Luteolin | Inhibition of Kv1.3 K+ channels, enhancement of antimycobacterial and T cell memory immune response | (114, 115) |
| 8. | Rapamycin (Sirolimus) | Enhances antigen processing and presentation and directs Th1 immunity | (116) |
| 9. | Tat-beclin-1 fusion peptide | Autophagy induction and reduction in progression of pathogens | (117) |
| 10. | Gefitinib | Enhances lysosomal biogenesis, action and bacterial degradation | (118) |
| 11. | 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) | Metabolic reprograming induced reduction in pathological damage | (119) |
| 12. | Ritonavir (Norvir) | Glucose transporter agonist induces protection against HIV as well as M.tb | (120) |
| 13. | FX11 | Lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor reduces oxidative stress and downgrade iNOS | (121) |
| 14. | TEPP46 | Limits inflammation by reducing PKM2 activation | (122) |
| 15. | Metformin | Induces AMPK mediated signaling, induction of ROS and intracellular bacterial killing | (123) |
| 16. | AICAR | Stimulate anti-microbial immune responses by via (PPARGC1) linked pathways | (124) |
| 17. | C75 | Inhibits lipid derived droplets biogenesis, enhances ROS, NO production and polarizes macrophages from M1 to M2 | (125) |
| 18. | Cerulenin | Inhibition of fatty acid synthase, uncouples UCP2 and promotes NLRP3 activation | (126) |
| 19. | GW9662 | PPARγ antagonist can regulate inflammation and disease progression by altering metabolism in macrophages. | (127) |
| 20. | AGK2 | Inhibits host sirtuin2 (SIRT2) and enhances bacterial clearance, host protective immune responses | (128) |