Table 3.

Limitations and strategies for stem cells therapy in diabetes.

Limitations	Target	Strategies
Immaturity and heterogeneity	Maturation state	Microenvironment and ECM
		Transplantation of cell clusters in vivo
	Sites of transplantation	A more ideal site of transplantation
	Inappropriate heterogeneity	Sorting skills to purify the generated cells
		Encoding suicide genes
Poor vascularization of the grafts	Highly vascularized reliability	Incorporation of amniotic epithelial cells
		Incorporation of HUCPVCs
		Growth factors,such as AEGF-A
Immune rejection	Side-effects and low efficiency of Immunosuppressive drugs	Immunotherapy
		Encapsulation devices
Safety concerns and tumorigenicity	Insertional mutagenesis	Excision systems
		Reprogramming
	Risk of tumorigenicity	Enrichment for the desired cells