TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Merged first, second and third delta MEEI quartiles n = 5,164 |
Highest delta MEEI quartile improvement n = 1,723 |
P-value | |
| Age (year) | 53.8 ± 11.2 | 52.5 ± 10.8 | <0.0001 |
| Male sex (%) | 2,977 (57.6) | 963 (55.9) | 0.206 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 142.0 ± 17.9 | 144.2 ± 18.9 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 88.4 ± 10.9 | 90.6 ± 11.0 | <0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 53.6 ± 14.6 | 53.6 ± 14.9 | 0.906 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72.1 ± 10.4 | 81.4 ± 11.7 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 4.3 | 27.6 ± 4.1 | 0.022 |
| Smoke habits (%) | 1,072 (20.8) | 340 (19.7) | 0.370 |
| Diabetes (%) | 535 (10.4) | 132 (7.7) | 0.001 |
| Obesity (%) | 1,350 (26.1) | 406 (23.6) | 0.035 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 98.6 ± 22.9 | 97.1 ± 20.8 | 0.011 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 206.0 ± 38.9 | 206.2 ± 39.1 | 0.856 |
| Serum HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 50.4 ± 12.9 | 51.1 ± 12.9 | 0.041 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 136.2 ± 75.4 | 132.4 ± 75.5 | 0.071 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.1 ± 1.5 | 0.152 |
| METS-IR | 41.7 ± 8.0 | 41.0 ± 7.6 | 0.001 |
| CKD-EPI | 77.9 ± 15.8 | 78.2 ± 15.4 | 0.015 |
| LV hypertrophy (%) | 1870 (36.2) | 669 (38.9) | 0.051 |
| LV mass index (g/m2.7) | 48.0 ± 9.1 | 46.5 ± 8.4 | 0.273 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2) | 13.1 ± 2.6 | 12.8 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke volume index (ml/m2) | 39.8 ± 4.9 | 39.1 ± 5.0 | <0.0001 |
| LVEF% | 66.4 ± 3.7 | 65.9 ± 3.8 | <0.0001 |
| MEEi (mL/s/g) | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 |
| Intima-media thickness (mm) | 1.62 ± 0.73 | 1.54 ± 0.68 | <0.0001 |
BP, blood pressure; CKD-EPI, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration; LV, left ventricular; LV EF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MEEi, mechano-energetic efficiency indexed for myocardial mass.