Table 2.
Characteristics of preclinical studies assessing the efficacy of MSC products for DKD in vivo.
| Author | Stem cell type | Model | Treatment | Treatment effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hao et al. (38) | ASC-EVs | STZ SD | Exos (50μg) via tail vein injection | Twice a week for 3 weeks | miR-125a protected DKD in rats through inhibiting the HDAC1/ET1 axis |
| Mao et al. (65) | BMSC-EVs | STZ SD | Exos (100μg) via tail vein injection | Once a week for 12 weeks | miR-let-7a inhibited apoptosis and oxidative stress in renal cells and suppressed the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin |
| Nagaishi et al. (39) | BMSC-CM | STZ mice | CM (2mg/kg) via tail vein injection | Once a day for 8 weeks | Anti-inflammation and inhibition of EMT (TNF-α, p38-MAPK, ICAM-1, TGF-β↓ and ZO-1↑) |
| Zhong et al. (41) | HUC-EVs | STZ mice | MVs (1.5mg/kg) via tail vein injection | Once a week for 8 weeks | miR-451a reduced renal fibrosis through down-regulation of the P15INK4b and P19INK4d |
| Grange et al. (70) | HLSC-EVs BMSC-EVs |
STZ mice | EVs(1×1010 particles) via tail vein injection | Once a week for 4 weeks | EVs down regulated genes involved in the development of fibrosis (MMP3, collagen I, TIMP, SNAI1, CCL3, Serpina1, interferon γ, Fas Ligand↓)· |
| Duan et al. (29) | ASC-EVs | C57BL/KsJ db/db | – | Once a week for 12 weeks | miR-26a-5p reduced the pathological symptoms and cell apoptosis |
| Jiang et al. (27) | USC-EVs | STZ SD | Exos (100μg) via tail vein injection | Once a week for 12 weeks | Anti-apoptosis, promoted glomerular endothelial cell proliferation and ameliorated mesangial expansion |
| Ebrahim et al. (63) | BMSC-EVs | STZ SD | Exos (100μg/kg) via tail vein injection | Once a day for 4 weeks | Induction of autophagy through the mTOR signaling pathway |
ASC, adipose-derived MSCs; BMSC, bone marrow-derived MSCs; HLSC, human liver stem-like cells; HUC,human urine-derived MSCs; USC, umbilical cord-derived MSCs; CCL3, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3; CM, conditioned medium; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ET-1, endothelin-1; EVs, extracellular vesicles; HDAC1, histone deacetylase 1; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MVs, microvesicles; MMP3, metalloproteinase 3; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; SD, Sprague-Dawley rat; STZ, streptozotocin; ZO-1, zona occludens protein-1.