Table I.
Characteristics of the controls and patients with bipolar disorder in the present study.
| Characteristic | BPI | Control | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 123 | 107 | - |
| Male/female (no. of subjects) | 61/62 | 52/55 | 0.896a |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 41.20±11.86 | 42.09±8.45 | 0.509b |
| Age at onset (mean ± SD) | - | ||
| Early-onset | 19.35±2.41 | ||
| Late-onset | 33.83±8.61 | ||
| Age at onset, n (%) | - | ||
| Early-onset | 37 (30.1) | ||
| Late-onset | 86 (69.9) | ||
| Age at onset (mean ± SD) | 0.024 | ||
| Male | 27.28±9.7 | ||
| Female | 31.06±8.61 | ||
| Illness duration, years | 11.98±9.2 | - | |
| Family history, n (%) | - | ||
| Positive | 58 (47.2) | ||
| Negative | 65 (52.8) | ||
| First illness period, n (%) | - | ||
| Euphoric mania | 89 (72.4) | ||
| Mixed episode | 12 (9.8) | ||
| Hypomania | 5 (4.1) | ||
| Depression | 17 (13.8) | ||
| Pharmacotherapy, n (%) | - | ||
| Mood stabilizers | |||
| Lithium | 58 (50.9) | ||
| Valproate | 54 (47.4) | ||
| Lamotrigine | 7 (6.1) | ||
| Carbamazepine | 2 (1.8) | ||
| Antipsychotic | 8 (6.5) | ||
| Combination | 77 (62.6) | ||
| No treatment | 3 (2.4) | ||
| HAM-D (mean ± SD) | 3.97±5.07 | 0.98±1.30 | <0.001 |
| YMRS (mean ± SD) | 1.89±5.37 | 0.09±0.29 | <0.001 |
| GAF (mean ± SD) | 80.69±11.29 | 91.81±4.73 | <0.001 |
| FAST (mean ± SD) | 6.87±7.03 | 0.92±1.07 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as the number (%) and mean ± SD. n, total number of individuals. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
a
The Chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis.
b
An independent samples t-test was used for statistical analysis. BPI, bipolar I disorder; SD, standard deviation; HAM-D, Hamilton depression rating scale; YMRS, Young mania rating scale; GAF, global assessment of functioning; FAST, functioning assessment short test.