Table 1.

Representative clinical trials of stem cells or EVs based therapy in CNS diseases.

Condition	NCT number	Phase	Intervention	Status	Ref.
Ischemic stroke	NCT03545607	Phase III	Single intravenous infusion of multipotent adult progenitor cells	Recruiting	4
	NCT03384433	Phase I/II	Intraparenchymal injection of allogenic MSCs derived exosome	Recruiting	N/A
	NCT01716481	Phase III	Single intravenous administration of autologous MSCs	Unknown	59
Alzheimer's disease	NCT02054208	Phase I/II	Repeated intraventricular administrations of MSCs via an ommaya reservoir at a 4-week interval	Completed	60
	NCT04388982	Phase I/II	Repeated IN administrations of MSCs-Exos twice a week for 12 weeks	Recruiting	N/A
Parkinson's disease	NCT04506073	Phase II	Repeated administrated allogeneic MSCs every 3 months for three doses	Recruiting	N/A
Multiple sclerosis	NCT04047628	Phase III	Repeated intrathecal or intravenous administration of autologous MSCs at six-month interval for 2 doses	Completed	47
Spinal cord injury	NCT02302157	Phase I/II	Single intralesional administration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells	Completed	N/A
	NCT04520373	Phase II	Single intrathecal administration of autologous MSCs	Recruiting	N/A
Neonatal stroke	NCT03356821	Phase I/II	Repeated IN administration of allogeneic MSCs twice within the first week of onset	Completed	N/A

Resource of the clinical trial is from ClinicalTrials.gov.

MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; IN, intranasal; MSCs-Exos, mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes; N/A, not applicable.