Table 3.
Representative pharmacokinetic data of IN administration of stem cells or EVs in different models.
| Model | Pharmacokinetic data | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| AD model mice | EVs were detected in the brainstem and olfactory bulb firstly at 0.25 h and reaching a peak at 1 h. | 41 |
| PD mice | Stem cells were detected in the whole brain area 7 days after administration. The brainstem and olfactory bulb contain the most cells (∼20 %, respectively). | 79 |
| PD model rats | Stem cells were detected in the whole brain region and most distributed in the striatum and substantia nigra 2 months after administration. | 122 |
| AD model mice | Stem cells were detected in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, ventral and dorsal cortex, brain splits, thalamus, and cerebellum 4 months after administrations. | 123 |
| Neonatal brain injury model rat | 24 h after administration, stem cells were detected in the corpus callosum, cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus. | 124 |
| SCI model of rats | Stem cells were detected in the lesion site of the spinal cord 2 and 4 weeks after the administration. Compared with 2 weeks ago, the number of MSCs in the lesion site even increased 4 weeks after administration. | 125 |
| SCI model rats | Exosomes were mainly detected in the lesion part of the spinal cord at 24 h after administration. The number of exosomes in the spinal cord even exceeds the brain. | 126 |
| Neonatal brain injury model mice | Stem cells were mainly detected in the brain at 12 h after administration. | 127 |
| Stroke model mice | Exosomes were mostly detected in the lesion hemisphere 1 or 24 h after administration. Number of exosomes in the ischemic part increasing overtime. | 128 |
| Glioblastoma model mice | Stem cells were mostly detected at the tumor site at 6 h after administration. The number of stem cells reached a peak at 24 h and remained steady in 5 days. | 111 |
| Glioma model mice | Stem cells were detected in the tumor area at 1 h, and the number of stem cells significantly decreased on day 5 but remained steady by Day 11; distribution of stem cells in the brain of irradiated animals was 2.8 times higher. | 117 |
| Glioma model mice | Stem cells were detected in the brain at 2h, reached a peak at day 1, and slightly decreased by Day 6. | 129 |
| Glioma model mice | Stem cells were detected in the tumor area at 24 h but reached a peak at 120 h after administration when treated with methimazole and fibrin glue. | 18 |
| Btbr T+Itpr3tf/J (Btbr) mice | Exosomes were detected in the brain at 24 h after administration. | 130 |
| EAE model mice | Secretome of amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells (ST266) was selectively accumulated in the optic nerve and vitreous at 30 min after administration. | 44 |
| Chronic alcohol consumption model rats | Exosomes were detected in the brain at 2 h and gradually increased within 24 h after administration. | 131 |
| Status epilepticus model mice | Exosomes were detected in the cortical and hippocampal at 6 h after administration. | 14 |
AD, Alzheimer's disease; EVs, extracellular vesicles; PD Parkinson's disease; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; SCI, spinal cord injury; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.