Table 5.

Comparison among different administration routes for stem cells or EVs transplantation.

Route	Invasiveness	Delivery efficiency	Process complexity	Bioavailability	Dosage frequency
IV	++	+	+	+++	++
IC	++++	++++	++++	+++	+
IA	+++	++	++++	+++	+
IP	++	+	++	+++	++
IN	–	+++	+	+	++++

IV, intravenous; IC,intracranial; IA, intra-artery; IP, intraperitoneal; IN, intranasal.