Comparison of H2 (A and C) to electrical reducing power (2eV) (B and D) as an electron donor for reduction of fumarate to succinate by purified membranes (A and B) and solubilized membranes (C and D) from A. succinogenes. Membranes (3.25 mg of protein/ml) and solubilized membranes (3.2 mg of protein/ml) were suspended in 50 mM KPO4 buffer (pH 7.2), and where indicated, 50 μM NR and 1 mM NAD were added. Symbols: ●, N2 control; ■, H2 alone; ▴, H2 + NAD+; ▾, H2 + NR; ⧫, H2 + NAD+ + NR; ○, control 2eV alone; □, 2eV + NR; ▵, 2eV + NAD+; ▿, 2eV + NAD+ + NR.