Table 3. Comparison of the kinematics and kinetics at the ankle, knee, and hip and pelvic and thoracic angles measurements between the groups.

	AFO-PS		AFO-OD		Therapeutic effect①②/③④
Parameters	Pre-intervention①	Post­-intervention②	Pre-intervention③	Post­-intervention④		Main effect
		Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Interaction	Time	Group
Ankle joint angle
Initial contact (°)	-10.9±9.0	-8.0±7.6	-6.2±6.5	-7.4±6.3	0.041	-	-
Loading response (°)	-12.6±9.0	-10.4±7.1	-8.7±6.8	-10.3±6.4	0.054	0.754	0.373
Max dorsiflexion in single stance (°)	1.6±9.3	4.4±6.4	4.9±6.6	4.7±6.4	0.094	0.122	0.400
Max plantarflexion in pre-swing phase (°)	-4.0±8.4	-3.1±6.9	-1.4±8.0	-2.1±8.0	0.449	0.925	0.438
Ankle j oint moment
Max dorsiflexion in loading response (Nm/BW)	-0.0±0.0	-0.0±0.1	-0.0±0.0	-0.0±0.1	0.056	0.022	0.209
Max plantarflexion in stance phase (Nm/BW)	0.6±0.3	0.7±0.3	0.7±0.3	0.7±0.3	0.557	0.008	0.655
Ankle joint power
Max power in pre-swing (W)	0.3±0.3	0.4±0.4	0.2±0.2	0.3±0.2	0.593	0.047	0.235
Knee joint angle and knee angular velocity
Initial contact (°)	9.4±5.2	9.0±6.3	6.5±7.4	5.2±6.7	0.447	0.183	0.096
Max flexion in loading response (°)	17.2±4.4	15.3±5.9	11.5±9.6	12.0±10.8	0.063	0.276	0.632
Max extension in single stance (°)	6.9±8.7	6.0±10.6	1.0±12.1	1.1±12.2
Max flexion in swing (0)	41.8±11.9	43.2±11.0	37.3±14.9	38.1±14.3	0.507	0.591	0.126
Max angular velocity in pre-swing (deg s-1)	144.8±76.0	181.6±108.3	146.2±69.8	171.3±78.8	0.697	0.198	0.254
Knee joint moment					0.324	<0.001	0.865
Max extension in loading response (Nm/BW)	0.2±0.2	0.2±0.2	0.2±0.2	0.2±0.2
Hip joint angle and hip angular velocity					0.831	0.762	0.587
Initial contact (°)	18.1±5.5	21.1±6.4	18.3±7.2	17.6±7.9
Max extension in single stance (°)	8.3±9.7	7.2±12.4	7.0±11.1	5.1±10.4	0.122	0.308	0.384
Max angular velocity in pre-swing (deg s-1)	64.6±32.9	76.8±40.5	68.0±37.8	64.0±36.5	0.778	0.223	0.615
Hip joint moment					0.048	-	-
Max extension in loading response (Nm/BW)	0.3±0.2	0.3±0.2	0.5±0.7	0.5±0.6
Max flexion in pre-swing (Nm/BW)	-0.3±0.2	-0.4±0.3	-0.3±0.2	-0.3±0.2	0.797	0.856	0.242
Pelvic tilt					0.583	0.024	0.265
Initial contact (0)	-2.8±5.0	-6.1±6.8	-5.6±6.4	-5.3±6.0
Nonparetic foot-off (0)	-7.1±4.4	-9.9±7.1	-10.1±6.1	-10.0±6.4	0.061	0.126	0.560
Nonparetic initial contact (0)	-8.7±4.7	-11.2±5.0	-11.7±6.4	-12.4±6.0	0.140	0.158	0.364
Foot-off (0)	-7.0±5.4	-10.2±7.5	-11.0±6.3	-11.7±6.0	0.112	0.356	0.233
Pelvic obliquity					0.193	0.048	0.130
Initial contact (0)	2.3±3.0	1.6±2.1	2.6±3.2	2.7±2.8
Nonparetic foot-off (0)	0.6±2.6	0.2±2.8	0.6±2.6	0.6±3.1	0.404	0.559	0.380
Nonparetic initial contact (0)	0.3±2.4	-0.6±2.7	1.4±2.7	0.6±3.2	0.598	0.668	0.771
Foot-off (0)	1.7±3.0	0.6±2.8	2.7±2.8	1.9±3.2	0.825	0.042	0.173
Thoracic tilt					0.722	0.041	0.188
Initial contact (0)	-2.7±5.5	-3.0±6.4	-3.9±5.8	-1.8±6.1
Nonparetic foot off (0)	-5.2±6.2	-5.1±7.0	-6.8±6.5	-5.1±8.5	0.088	0.197	0.980
Nonparetic initial contact (0)	-7.7±6.7	-7.0±7.1	-9.2±7.4	-8.3±8.9	0.208	0.169	0.723
Foot-off (0)	-5.8±6.3	-6.3±7.6	-8.3±7.4	-7.7±9.6	0.871	0.310	0.537
AFO-PS: Ankle-foot orthoses plantarflexion stop; AFO-OD: Ankle-foot orthoses oil damper; Pre-intervention: Without AFO before two weeks’ use; Post-intervention: Without the AFO after two weeks’ use; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; BW: Body weight (kg); BH: Body height (m); COG: Center of gravity; COP: Center of pressure; SVA: Shank-vertical-angle; Joint angle: positive numbers: Flexion/dorsiflexion; Negative numbers: Extension/plantarflexion; Internal joint moment: Positive numbers; Extension/plantarflexion; negative numbers: Flexion/ dorsiflexion; Ankle power: Positive numbers: Generation; negative numbers: Absorption: Tilt angle: negative values indicate forward tilt; Obliquity angle: A positive value indicates that the pelvis is higher on the paretic side than on the nonparetic side; Pre-intervention: Without AFO use before two weeks’ use; Post-intervention: Without the AFO after two weeks’ use; AFO-PS: AFO with plantarflexion stop; AFO-OD: AFO with oil damper;