Table 3. Region of Interest Analysis of Cortical Surface Between Tobacco Ever Users and Nonusersa.
| Cortical surface | Study period | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 1 | Wave 2 | |||||||||
| Nonuse, weighted mean (SE), mm2 (n = 10 117) | Tobacco ever use, weighted mean (SE), mm2 (n = 97) | Adjusted bb | Adjusted P value | FDRc | Nonuse, weighted mean (SE), mm2 (n = 6806) | Tobacco ever use, weighted mean (SE), mm2 (n = 53) | Adjusted bb | Adjusted P value | FDRc | |
| Frontal | ||||||||||
| Superior frontal | 15 934.0 (87.9) | 15 468.0 (209.5) | −744.4 (255.4) | .004 | 0.02 | 16 096.0 (86.9) | 15 598.0 (306.7) | −927.1 (325.1) | .004 | 0.02 |
| Rostral middle | 13 522.0 (85.9) | 13 261.0 (214.2) | −497.9 (197.3) | .01 | 0.03 | 13 594.0 (81.7) | 13 447.0 (295.2) | −371.4 (258.7) | .15 | 0.24 |
| Caudal middle | 4912.8 (43.5) | 4807.9 (101.6) | −226.9 (104.0) | .03 | 0.06 | 4969.6 (45) | 4793.3 (156.3) | −337.1 (130.1) | .01 | 0.03 |
| Pars opercularis | 3320.4 (19.9) | 3266.2 (70.6) | −87.4 (77.8) | .26 | 0.32 | 3339.3 (19.0) | 3323.2 (78.6) | −89.5 (94.4) | .34 | 0.42 |
| Pars triangularis | 3305.8 (16.4) | 3281.3 (66.0) | −47.8 (57.5) | .41 | 0.44 | 3315.2 (17.2) | 3325.6 (73.7) | −46.9 (64.0) | .46 | 0.52 |
| Pars orbitalis | 1747.4 (7.7) | 1731.4 (26.2) | −43.5 (26.4) | .10 | 0.15 | 1760.3 (9.2) | 1751.3 (37.1) | −55.8 (36.5) | .13 | 0.21 |
| Lateral orbitofrontal | 5727.9 (29.7) | 5632.2 (68.6) | −146.5 (69.9 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 5789.1 (35.0) | 5680.2 (83.3) | −169.3 (92.6) | .07 | 0.15 |
| Medial orbitofrontal | 4093.6 (22.1) | 4004.2 (48.1) | −157.1 (46.5) | <.001 | 0.01 | 4131.9 (25.4) | 4037.3 (60.9) | −164.7 (58.8) | .01 | 0.02 |
| Precentral | 10 207.0 (72.0) | 10 054.0 (140.0) | −364.3 (114.0) | .001 | 0.01 | 10 309.0 (78.3) | 10 149.0 (224.7) | −439.7 (133.8) | .001 | 0.01 |
| Paracentral | 3042.7 (10.3) | 2965.9 (44.3) | −93.1 (36.3) | .01 | 0.03 | 3049.7 (11.8) | 2980.6 (52.0) | −111.9 (51.8) | .03 | 0.09 |
| Frontal pole | 674.4 (2.8) | 673.8 (9.0) | −13.1 (8.7) | .13 | 0.18 | 676.2 (3.1) | 675.0 (12.3) | −19.0 (12.3) | .12 | 0.21 |
| Rostral anterior | 1570.2 (7.3) | 1541.6 (23.8) | −75.9 (29.4) | .01 | 0.03 | 1596.1 (8.0) | 1584.7 (33.6) | −65.7 (40.5) | .10 | 0.21 |
| Caudal anterior | 1485.0 (6.9) | 1450.9 (41.5) | −72.8 (32.2) | .02 | 0.05 | 1514.8 (7.3) | 1461.2 (52.4) | −112.5 (42.9) | .009 | 0.03 |
| Parietal | ||||||||||
| Superior parietal | 11 896.0 (91.9) | 11 788.0 (241.4) | −239.3 (163.7) | .14 | 0.19 | 11 839.0 (96.1) | 11 821.0 (228.1) | −349.7 (198.6) | .08 | 0.17 |
| Inferior parietal | 11 224.0 (69.2) | 10 885.0 (200.6) | −417.6 (167.4) | .01 | 0.03 | 11 167.0 (68.4) | 10 771.0 (242.7) | −606.5 (216.0) | .005 | 0.02 |
| Supramarginal | 8629.3 (71.1) | 8345.8 (151.6) | −372.1 (161.7) | .02 | 0.05 | 8613.1 (66.3) | 8631.4 (175.4) | −239.1 (216.5) | .27 | 0.37 |
| Postcentral | 8770.0 (71.3) | 8706.6 (212.1) | −147.4 (117.9) | .21 | 0.27 | 8773.5 (75.8) | 8698.5 (243.5) | −292.7 (130.7) | .03 | 0.08 |
| Precuneus | 8616.4 (31.2) | 8412.9 (125.2) | −356.0 (126.1) | .005 | 0.02 | 8559.0 (36.3) | 8401.4 (104.2) | −411.3 (140.0) | .003 | 0.02 |
| Posterior cingulate | 2682.6 (9.3) | 2624.3 (41.2) | −86.9 (41.2) | .035 | 0.06 | 2687.5 (10.6) | 2659.1 (53.3) | −84.5 (62.5) | .18 | 0.27 |
| Isthmus cingulate | 2157.0 (7.1) | 2100.7 (35.5) | −93.1 (32.8) | .005 | 0.02 | 2156.6 (8.5) | 2123.0 (40.4) | −62.8 (39.3) | .11 | 0.21 |
| Temporal | ||||||||||
| Superior temporal | 8443.4 (53.3) | 8142.7 (118.0) | −389.4 (116.5) | <.001 | 0.01 | 8455.4 (46.8) | 8345.4 (192.6) | −202.9 (160.8) | .21 | 0.29 |
| Inferior temporal | 7336.6 (45.8) | 7250.2 (127.5) | −200.1 (105.8) | .06 | 0.09 | 7424.2 (46.1) | 7307.6 (184.9) | −278.7 (138.5) | .04 | 0.12 |
| Middle temporal | 7635.3 (58.5) | 7339.2 (165.3) | −394.5 (109.4) | <.001 | 0.01 | 7688.8 (57.1) | 7407.6 (211.0) | −443.1 (141.0) | .002 | 0.01 |
| Banks of superior temporal sulcus | 2169.8 (15.8) | 2064.8 (42.0) | −113.8 (32.2) | <.001 | 0.01 | 2165.4 (14.7) | 2065.4 (53.5) | −145.7 (36.0) | <.001 | 0.002 |
| Fusiform | 6625.1 (20.1) | 6466.4 (82.2) | −279.6 (72.9) | <.001 | 0.004 | 6678.9 (21.0) | 6506.8 (129.3) | −334.3 (98.8) | <.001 | 0.01 |
| Transverse temporal | 841.7 (3.0) | 819.5 (10.4) | −26.4 (13.4) | .05 | 0.08 | 840.6 (2.9) | 841.1 (16.2) | −8.5 (19.5) | .66 | 0.70 |
| Entorhinal | 837.0 (4.6) | 844.9 (14.8) | 6.6 (20.9) | .75 | 0.75 | 848.9 (4.6) | 845.5 (20.5) | −24.1 (23.2) | .30 | 0.39 |
| Temporal pole | 994.0 (3.5) | 992.6 (11.5) | −18.9 (11.2) | .09 | 0.14 | 1002.9 (4.4) | 1020.2 (18.4) | −6.1 (15.6) | .69 | 0.71 |
| Parahippocampal | 1314.7 (4.2) | 1271.5 (15) | −58.9 (20.8) | .01 | 0.02 | 1334.2 (4.4) | 1298.1 (15.7) | −55.5 (29.6) | .06 | 0.15 |
| Occipital | ||||||||||
| Lateral occipital | 11 026.0 (62.3) | 11 009.0 (176.9) | −139.6 (147.0) | .34 | 0.39 | 11 030.0 (64.3) | 11 077.0 (228.8) | −208.6 (209.9) | .32 | 0.40 |
| Lingual | 6701.1 (25.4) | 6604.6 (86.9) | −150.4 (97.1) | .12 | 0.17 | 6735.1 (33.0) | 6759.2 (93.5) | −104.8 (136.2) | .44 | 0.52 |
| Cuneus | 3374.7 (13.8) | 3408.8 (46.7) | 21.3 (52.1) | .68 | 0.72 | 3383.7 (15.1) | 3434.5 (53.1) | 34.1 (76.7) | .66 | 0.70 |
| Pericalcarine | 3184.6 (13.8) | 3208.2 (55.8) | −24.5 (65.5) | .71 | 0.73 | 3206.1 (16.9) | 3259.6 (57.7) | 13.8 (102.0) | .89 | 0.89 |
| Insula | 4721.2 (16.6) | 4663.6 (45.5) | −66.4 (60.4) | .27 | 0.32 | 4780.3 (18.4) | 4753.2 (49) | −87.7 (68.6) | .20 | 0.29 |
Abbreviation: FDR, false discovery rate.
a
Multivariate regression analyses were performed where the dependent variables were cortical surface areas in 34 regions of interest listed in the first column. The independent variable was early age at initiation of tobacco use (ever use) measured at wave 1.
b
Adjusted by covariates, including age, sex, race and ethnicity, pubertal stage, substance ever use, parental monitoring, school environment, handedness, imaging device manufacturer, and study site. Sampling weights were incorporated in the survey regression analytical procedures for statistical inference at the population level. Regression coefficients measured the outcomes associated with early-age initiation of tobacco use as changes in structural magnetic resonance imaging measures between tobacco ever users vs control (nonuse).
c
FDR correction was performed across 34 regions to prevent inflation of type I errors.