. 2022 Apr 19;14(5):334–344. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.13268

TABLE 1.

Comparison of clinical data with different glucose tolerance groups (x¯±s)

Clinical features	NGT groups (37)	IGR groups (34)	T2DM groups (29)	p value
Age (years)	56.54 ± 8.13 ^c	59.03 ± 9.50	61.83 ± 8.01 ^a	0.052
Gender (female%)	25 (67.6%)	25 (73.5%)	18 (62.1%)	0.622
BMI (kg/m²)	25.22 ± 2.85 ^c	25.00 ± 3.08 ^c	26.93 ± 2.43 ^a ^, ^b	0.016
Waist circumference (cm)	86.46 ± 6.60	86.97 ± 6.93	90.42 ± 5.50	0.044
SBP (mm Hg)	146.89 ± 20.76	148.29 ± 15.77	152.17 ± 24.18	0.567
DBP (mm Hg)	85.22 ± 12.03	85.76 ± 10.00	86.41 ± 12.61	0.916
HbA1c (%)	5.53 ± 0.31 ^b ^, ^c	5.91 ± 0.42^ac	6.88 ± 1.05 ^a ^, ^b	<0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	5.17 ± 0.50	6.06 ± 0.63	7.39 ± 1.90	<0.001
LDL‐c (mmol/L)	3.17 ± 0.76	3.46 ± 0.64	3.36 ± 0.77	0.240
HDL‐c (mmol/L)	1.56 ± 0.31	1.56 ± 0.29	1.42 ± 0.38	0.146
TC (mmol/L)	5.60 ± 0.89	5.83 ± 0.95	5.74 ± 1.11	0.585
TG (mmol/L)	1.34 ± 0.74	1.35 ± 0.72	1.47 ± 0.55	0.713
FFA (mmol/L)	0.44 ± 0.18	0.43 ± 0.20	0.50 ± 0.21	0.354
SUA (mmol/L)	347.08 ± 75.83	326.29 ± 86.51	344.66 ± 85.64	0.525
Creatinine (umol/L)	67.10 ± 18.93	69.85 ± 19.96	72.55 ± 22.48	0.558
BUN (mmol/L)	5.29 ± 1.68	5.98 ± 7.17	5.83 ± 1.93	0.791
ALT (U/L)	26.31 ± 18.70	21.85 ± 8.82	24.40 ± 17.48	0.488
AST (U/L)	23.37 ± 11.34	20.40 ± 5.93	20.56 ± 7.07	0.272
HOMA‐IR	2.09 ± 0.85 ^c	2.91 ± 1.38	4.47 ± 2.89 ^a	<0.001
HOMA‐β	111.09 ± 42.16 ^b ^, ^c	81.91 ± 35.13 ^a	90.25 ± 64.92 ^a	0.010
AUC_cp (ng·h/mL)	10.77 ± 4.28	11.37 ± 3.69	11.68 ± 4.83	0.791
AUC_ins (uIU·h/mL)	80.62 ± 71.71	94.07 ± 56.35	101.21 ± 73.24	0.615
AUC_pp (pg·h/mL)	4552.38 ± 874.26	4981.13 ± 621.31	4956.72 ± 807.70	0.052
AUC_gc (pg·h/mL)	622.56 ± 99.72 ^c	658.70 ± 67.10	672.24 ± 106.50 ^a	0.125
PP₀	1603.65 ± 538.46	1687.26 ± 421.90	1818.68 ± 503.18	0.225
PP₆₀	2663.55 ± 594.89 ^b	2973.80 ± 547.49 ^a	2828.93 ± 616.24	0.108
PP₁₂₀	2179.79 ± 583.32	2330.07 ± 455.94	2392.51 ± 456.17	0.218
AUC_pp	4552.38 ± 874.26 ^b ^, ^c	4981.13 ± 621.31 ^a	4956.72 ± 807.70 ^a	0.052
GC₀	220.93 ± 64.12	240.97 ± 69.74	254.97 ± 75.22	0.157
GC₆₀	350.84 ± 79.53	375.19 ± 62.10	376.97 ± 85.69	0.311
GC₁₂₀	318.72 ± 59.33	325.49 ± 60.96	328.10 ± 62.82	0.824
AUC_gc	622.56 ± 99.72 ^c	658.70 ± 67.10	672.24 ± 106.50 ^a	0.125
INS₀	8.98 ± 3.36 ^c	10.58 ± 4.73 ^c	14.20 ± 6.06 ^a ^, ^b	0.001
INS₆₀	51.34 ± 45.64	62.80 ± 36.40	62.43 ± 46.47	0.536
INS₁₂₀	36.77 ± 40.96	58.83 ± 40.74	62.56 ± 54.29	0.094
AUC_ins	80.62 ± 71.71 ^c	94.07 ± 56.35 ^c	101.21 ± 73.24 ^a ^, ^b	0.615
C‐P₀	1.96 ± 0.60 ^c	2.05 ± 0.61 ^c	2.48 ± 0.70 ^a ^, ^b	0.015
C‐P₆₀	6.51 ± 2.73	6.86 ± 2.23	6.54 ± 2.73	0.861
C‐P₁₂₀	5.67 ± 3.00 ^c	7.16 ± 2.87	7.63 ± 3.76 ^a	0.085

^{^a}

p < 0.05, compared with NGT group.

^{^b}

p < 0.05, compared with IGR group.

^{^c}

p < 0.05, compared with T2DM group.

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; AUC_cp, AUC_gc, AUC_ins, AUC_pp, area under the curve for C‐peptide, glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; C‐P₀, C‐P₆₀, C‐P₁₂₀, C‐peptide at fasting, 60, and 120 min; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FFA, free fatty acid; GC₀, GC₆₀, GC₁₂₀, glucagon at fasting, 60, and 120 min; HbA1C, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐β, homeostatic model assessment of beta cell function; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; INS₀, INS₆₀, INS₁₂₀, insulin at fasting, 60, and 120 min; LDL‐c, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; PP₀, PP₆₀, PP₁₂₀, pancreatic polypeptide at fasting, 60, and 120 min; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SUA, serum uric acid; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.