Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics
| Acute TBI [1] (n =11) |
Acute OSCI [2] (n = 14) |
Chronic TBI [3] (n = 43) |
Healthy controls [4] (n = 36) |
One-way ANOVA/chi-square | Tukey's post-hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 28.9 (13.4) | 39.9 (17.1) | 31.9 (13.5) | 30.5 (12.7) | p = 0.138 | — |
| Sex, m:f | 6:5 | 11:3 | 29:14 | 25:11 | p = 0.642 | — |
| GCS at hospital admission | 6.3 (3.0) | — | 8.4 (3.3) | — | p = 0.062 | — |
| Duration of post-traumatic amnesia, days | 14.1 (18.0) | — | 14.8 (15.4) | — | p = 0.896 | — |
| ICU length of stay, days | 13.9 (11.1) | 3.5 (4.7) | 11.3 (9.9) | — | p = 0.002 | 2 < 1,3 |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 31.7 (20.1) | 28.4 (11.6) | 30.7 (17.6) | — | p = 0.866 | — |
| Time since injury at moment of testing, days | 22.0 (14.8) | 17.4 (7.3) | 730.6 (308.5) | — | p < 0.0001 | 1,2 < 3 |
| Medication intake | ||||||
| Opioids, n (%) | 4 (36.4) | 12 (85.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Acetaminophen, n (%) | 6 (54.5) | 13 (92.9) | 1 (2.3) | NA | ||
| Other analgesics and muscle relaxants, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA | ||
| Anti-inflammatories, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (14.3) | 3 (7.0) | NA | ||
| Psychostimulants, n (%) | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Antidepressants, n (%) | 1 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (14.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Anxiolytics, n (%) | 1 (9.1) | 3 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Anticonvulsants, n (%) | 3 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | 3 (27.3) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Medication intake for all groups is defined as any intake at any point during testing or the day prior. Data are presented as mean (SD) unless specified otherwise. NA, not available.
Bold indicates statistically significant values.