Fig. 1.

Tumour necrosis factor-á (TNFá) and interleukin (IL)-17A induce IL-36 in keratinocytes in a synergistic manner. (a–d) Cultured human keratinocytes were stimulated with TNFá and/or IL-17A for different time-points. The mRNA expression of (a) IL36A, (b) IL36B, (c) IL36G and (d) IL36RN was analysed by qPCR (n = 6). RPLP0 was used as a reference gene for normalization. (e) Protein levels of IL-36á, IL-36â, IL-36ã and IL-36Ra were analysed by western blotting. â-actin was used as a loading control (n = 3). Results from qPCR are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05 compared with vehicle (Veh), **p < 0.05 compared with the additive values of TNFá and IL-17A stimulation separately.