Table 2.
Meta-analysis of the patients with CAM considering the mortality rate and significance of its differences between each subgroup of variables
| Variable | Subgroup | Number of patients | Number of deaths | ES(%) (95%CI) of mortality rate | Statistical heterogeneity(I2) (%) | Overall statistical heterogeneity(I2)(%) | Overall p for Cochran Q | Pvalue of the significance of differences in mortality between subgroups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | >55 years | 286 | 112 | 36(20-54) | 75.57 | 82.28 | <0.001 | 0.281 |
| 55 years≥ | 529 | 115 | 25(15-36) | 79.98 | ||||
| Sex | Male | 205 | 57 | 23(10-39) | 72.43 | 65.94 | <0.001 | 0.428 |
| Female | 85 | 28 | 33(14-54) | 58.93 | ||||
| History of diabetes | Positive | 396 | 84 | 24(13-37) | 78.01 | 72.62 | <0.001 | 0.199 |
| Negative | 72 | 23 | 41(19-65) | 48.16 | ||||
| History of poor glycemic control or DKA | Positive | 166 | 28 | 33(6-66) | 69.24 | 67.29 | <0.001 | 0.439 |
| Negative | 208 | 43 | 20(8-35) | 67.38 | ||||
| History of comorbidities other than diabetes* | Positive | 36 | 25 | 75(52-93) | 11.01 | 66.87 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Negative | 220 | 36 | 15(7-24) | 41.56 | ||||
| Severity of COVID-19 | Severe | 96 | 49 | 52(29-74) | 71.40 | 77.06 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Non-severe | 74 | 8 | 5(0-19) | 49.48 | ||||
| History of mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 | Positive | 53 | 47 | 94(76-100) | 30.86 | 81.85 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Negative | 77 | 25 | 21(5-43) | 69.09 | ||||
| Interval between COVID-19 and mucormycosis | Early CAM | 70 | 43 | 64(47-80) | 2.99 | 71.94 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Late CAM | 387 | 120 | 26(14-38) | 74.78 | ||||
| History of steroid administration for COVID-19 | Positive | 359 | 99 | 31(19-43) | 74.18 | 67.69 | <0.001 | 0.585 |
| Negative | 40 | 8 | 10(0-28) | 15.05 | ||||
| Clinical syndrome types of mucormycosis | Rhino-orbital/orbital | 184 | 47 | 21(9-34) | 54.55 | 66.71 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sinonasal/oronasal | 81 | 4 | 0(0-3) | 0 | ||||
| Rhino-orbito-cerebral/rhino-cerebral | 81 | 44 | 67(40-90) | 66.78 | ||||
| Pulmonary | 8 | 5 | 71(22-100) | 0 | ||||
| Treatment regimen of mucormycosis | Only medical treatment | 17 | 14 | 91(63-100) | 3.02 | 64.88 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Medical+surgical treatment | 218 | 46 | 17(8-27) | 53.81 |
*Comorbidities other than diabetes include hematological malignancies, other types of malignancies, kidney disease, chronic liver disease, renal transplant, asthma and COPD, neutropenia, HIV, tuberculosis
CAM: corona virus-associated mucormycosis; ES: effect size; CI: confidence interval; DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; COVID-19: coronavirus disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus