Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies.
| Author | Year | Definition of Sarcopenic Obesity | Assessment Tool of Body Composition | Type of exercise intervention | Type of physical performance test | Aim | Outcome | Time Point of Measurement | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity | Sarcopenia | |||||||||
| Balachandran | 2014 | BMI >30 kg/m2 | SMI (TSM/Ht2) <10.76 kg/m2 M, <6.76 W or HG <30 M, <20 W kg or GS <1m/s |
BIA | SH versus HSC | SPPB | Compare the effects between HSC and conventional SH training on neuromuscular performance, body composition and IADL function | SPPB | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 15 weeks |
SPPB: HSC ↑ 20%; SH ⇌ |
| Vasconcelos | 2016 | BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | HG ≤21 kg | NA | RET | SPPB, 10-m walk test | Evaluate the effects of a progressive RET program with high-speed component on the physical function | SPPB, 10-m walk test | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 10 weeks |
SPPB, GS ⇌ |
| Kim | 2016 | %BF ≥32% | SMI (ASM/Ht2) <5.67 kg/m2 or HG <17 kg or GS <1 m/s |
BIA | chair exercise vs resistance band exercise vs hydraulic exercise machine vs aerobic training | 5-m walk test | Investigate the effects of exercise and/or nutritional supplementation on body composition, blood components, and physical function in community-dwelling elderly Japanese | Physical function (5-m walk test) | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 12 weeks |
GS ⇌ |
| Kemmler | 2016 | %BF >35% | SMI (ASM/Ht2) <5.75 kg/m2 |
DXA | WB-EMS | 10-m gait speed | Determine the effect of WB-EMS in community-dwelling women | GS | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 26 weeks |
GS ↑ |
| Liao | 2017 | %BF >30% | SMI (TSM/Ht2) <7.15 kg/m2 |
BIA | ERET | SLS, 10-m GS, TUG, TCR | Identify the clinical efficacy of RET | Physical capacity (SLS, GS, TUG, TCR) | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 12 weeks |
SLS, TUG, TCR, GS ↑ |
| Stoever | 2018 | BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | SMI (%) ≤37% M, ≤27.6 W or HG ≤32 M, ≤21 W kg or GS <0.8m/s |
BIA | RET | SPPB, PPT | Investigate the influence of resistance training on physical function | Physical function (SPPB) | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 16 weeks |
SPPB, PPT ↑ |
| De Oliveira Silva | 2018 | BMI >27 kg/m2 | AFFM DEXA - predicted AFFM = ≤3.4 | DXA | RET | 30-second chair stand test, TUG | Compare the effects of RET on body composition, muscle strength, and functional capacity | Physical function (Chair stand, TUG) | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 16 weeks |
Chair stand ↑ TUG ↓ |
| Liao | 2018 | BMI >30 kg/m2 | SMI (TSM/BW) <27.6% |
BIA | ERET | SLS, 10-m GS, TUG, TCR | Identify the effect of ERET on muscle mass and physical function | Physical capacity (SLS, GS, TUG, TCR) | Baseline: 0 weeks Posttest: 12 weeks |
SLS, TUG, TCR, GS ↑ |
AFFM, Appendicular fat-free mass; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BIA, bioimpedance analysis; BMI, body-mass index; BW, body weight; DXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry; ERET, elastic resistance exercise training; GS, gait speed; HG, handgrip; HSC, high-speed circuit; Ht, body height; NA, the information was not given in the manuscript; PPT, Physical Performance Test; RET, resistance exercise training; SH, strength/hypertrophy; SLS, Single-leg stance; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SO, sarcopenic obesity; SPPB, short physical performance battery; TCR, Timed Chair Rise; TSM, total skeletal muscle; TUG, time up and go; VFA, visceral fat area; WB-EMS, whole-body electromyostimulation; %BF, body fat percentage; ⇌, no change; ↑, improved; ↓, decreased.