Top row illustrates circuits involved in movement control along with neuromodulators that can change circuit properties. Also shown is a model for early patterning of activity as well as a late (recovered) activity patterns. The traces highlight single-trial examples. The DA trace represent both tonic and phasic patterns. Rehabilitation is represented as a phenomenon that occurs at the level of single trials, single sessions and across sessions.
DA=dopamine, NE=norepinephrine, Ach=acetylcholine. E-I=Excitatory-Inhibitory