Table 1. Data of Wastewater Treatment Processes using TiO2/Biochar Systems.
| material | feedstock | pyrolysis temp (°C) | surface area (m2/g) | pollution | initial pollution concentration (mg/dm3) | applied dose (g/dm3) | adsorption capacity (mg/g) | degradation method | removal eficiency (%) | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiO2/biochar | hemp stem | 500 | 17.4 | ammonia nitrogen | 100 | 0.03 | catalysis (UV) | ∼99.0 | (30) | |
| TiO2/CuO/biochar | hemp stem | 500 | ammonia nitrogen | 100 | 0.03 | catalysis (UV) | 99.7 | (30) | ||
| TiO2/biochar | Daphnia magna | 325 | 383.0 | sulfamethoxazole | 10 | 5.00 | 2.2 | adsorption + photocatalytic oxidation (UV) | 91.0 | (18) |
| TiO2/biochar | reed straw | 300 | 102.2 | sulfamethoxazole | 10 | 1.25 | 6.6 | adsorption + photocatalysis (UV) | 91.3 | (31) |
| Zn/TiO2/biochar | reed straw | 500 | 169.2 | sulfamethoxazole | 10 | 1.25 | 8.0 | adsorption + photocatalysis (Vis) | 80.8 | (25) |
| TiO2/biochar | paper sludge and wheat husks | 26.3 | Reactive Blue 69 | 20 | 1.50 | sonocatalysis (UV) | 98.1 | (32) | ||
| TiO2/biochar | macroalgae | 650 | Methylene Blue | 5 | 2.00 | 2.2 | adsorption + photocatalysis (Vis) | 99.0 | (33) | |
| TiO2/Fe/Fe3C/biochar | dewatered sewage sludge | 800 | 50.3 | Methylene Blue | 200 | 1.00 | adsorption + photodegradation (UV) | 89.2 | (19) | |
| Fe2O3/TiO2/biochar | waste tea leaves | 500 | 244.8 | Methylene Blue | 200 | 2.00 | Fenton catalysis (Vis) | 75.0 | (11) | |
| Rhodamine B | 60.0 | |||||||||
| Methyl Orange | 40.0 | |||||||||
| TiO2/biochar | walnut shells | 500 | Methyl Orange | 20 | 0.25 | photocatalytic oxidation (UV) | 96.9 | (34) | ||
| Ag/TiO2/biochar | walnut shells | 700 | 35.2 | Methyl Orange | 20 | 0.25 | catalysis (UV) | 97.5 | (26) | |
| TiO2/biochar | Salvinia molesta | 350 | 8.6 | Acid Orange 7 | 20 | 0.10 | photocatalysis (UV) | 90.0 | (35) | |
| Fe/TiO2/biochar | rosin | 800 | Cr(VI) | 150 | 0.80 | 77.2 | adsorption | 38.1 | (36) | |
| TiO2/biochar | raw corn cob | 550 | 450.4 | Cd(II) | 50–300 | 1.00 | 72.6 | adsorption | 70.0 | (37) |
| As(V) | 118.1 |