| Acacia
leucorrhea |
stem bark |
Soxhlet
extraction with water. |
amino acids, carbohydrates, alkaloids,
tannins, glycosides,
flavonoids, and steroids |
polydispersed, sphere-shaped, 17–29 nm |
antibacterial activity |
(5) |
| Acacia cyanophylla |
leaves,
flower, and stem |
Boiled with water at 60 °C for 15–20 min with constant
shaking. |
|
polydispersed, sphere-shaped, 88.11 nm |
antibacterial activity |
(135) |
| Arisaema flavum |
tuber |
Macerated with methanol for 4 days. |
phenolic compounds |
sphere-shaped, 5–8 nm |
antibacterial activity |
(7) |
| Artemisia quttensis |
aerial
part |
Boiling with 50% ethanol at 60 °C for 10 min. |
flavonoid
and phenolic acids |
sphere-shaped, 5–25 nm |
antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity |
(136) |
| Carissa carandas |
leaf |
Boiling with water at 85 °C for 60 min with continuous stirring at 200 rpm. |
|
sphere-shaped |
anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
and antioxidant activity |
(9) |
| Caesalpinia
gilliesii |
leaf |
Maceration with
70% methanol. |
phenolics and flavonoids |
sphere-shaped, 3–6 nm |
antibacterial activity and anticancer activity |
(137) |
| Chrysanthemum indicum |
flower |
Simple boiling with water for 5 min. |
flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides |
polydispersed, sphere-shaped, 37.71–71.99 nm |
antibacterial activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
activity,
and no cytotoxic activity |
(42) |
| Cymbopogan
citratus |
leaf |
Simple extraction
with cold water followed by centrifugation. |
alkaloids
and flavonoids |
polydispersed, cuboidal, and rectangular-shaped, 15–65 nm |
antibacterial activity. |
(138) |
| Euphrasia officinalis |
leaf |
Simple boiling with water for 30 min followed
by centrifugation. |
iridoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids,
and etheric oils |
quasi-sphere-shaped, 40.37 ± 1.8 nm |
anticancer activity,
antibacterial activity, and antibiofilm
activity |
(139) |
| Hybanthus enneaspermus |
stem bark |
Boiled with ethanol. |
|
|
scavenging, antiurolithiatic,
and antidiabetic activity |
(140) |
| Otostegia
persica |
leaf |
Macerated with ethanol
(98%) for 24 h with shaking at room
temperature. |
essential oils, phenolics, terpenoids,
and flavonoids |
sphere-shaped, 23.4–53.2 nm |
scavenging, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory
activity |
(1) |
| Polygala tenuifolia |
root |
Ultrasound-assisted extraction with 70%
ethanol. |
|
spherical and irregularly shaped, 12–15 nm |
antibacterial activity |
(62) |
