Table 3. Consolidated Kinetic Data Used in Oil-Dominated Systems.

no.	type of equipment	gas	oil type	oil volume	water cut (%)	inhibitor type	conc. (wt %)	T (°C)	P (MPa)	remarks	ref
1	high-pressure cell	CH4	diesel oil	285 mL	30	antiagglomerant	0	1.2	4	Different water cuts were studied (30, 60, and 90%) with and without the AA. They found that AA helped to increase the induction time by 25 min.	(6)
				285 mL	30		0	2	4.5
				285 mL	30		0.5	2	4
				285 mL	30		1	2	4
				570 mL	60		0	1.2	4
				570 mL	60		0	2	4
				570 mL	60		0.5	2	4.5
				855 mL	90		0	1.2	4
				855 mL	90		0	2	4.5
				855 mL	90		0.5	2	4
				855 mL	90		1	2	4
2	rocking cell apparatus	CH4	crude oil	0	100 pure water	no KHI	0	0.1	1	Starch, chitosan, glycine, PVP, and mSA-RmAFP1 are the inhibitors in order. It has been discovered that mSA- RmAFP1 can reduce the rate of generation of SNG hydrates.	(89)
				0	100 brine water 3.5 wt %	no KHI	0	0.1	1
				0	100 pure water	mSA-RmAFP1	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 pure water	chitosan	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 pure water	starch	2.25	0.1
				0	100 pure water	PVP	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 pure water	glycine	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 pure water	mSA-RmAFP1	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 brine water 3.5 wt %	chitosan	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 brine water 3.5 wt %	starch	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 brine water 3.5 wt %	PVP	2.25	0.1	1
				0	100 brine water 3.5 wt %	glycine	2.25	0.1	1
				15%	85	no KHI	0	0.1	1
				15%	85	mSA-RmAFP1	2.25	0.1	1
				15%	85	chitosan	2.25	0.1	1
				15%	85	starch	2.25	0.1	1
				15%	85	PVP	2.25	0.1	1
				15%	85	glycine	2.25	0.1	1
3	high-pressure sapphire autoclave	CH4	paraffin oil	89%	11	antiagglomerant	2	3.17	5.78	In the autoclave, hydrate particles formed a moving bed, which was followed by full dispersion of water and oil, rapid hydrate growth, and deposition on the wall.	(36)
				89%	11			1.9	5.77
				89%	11			5.9	5.88
				89%	11			5.7	5.89
				78%	22			6.3	5.99
				78%	22			6.3	5.99
				78%	22			4.9	5.94
				78%	22			6.8	6.01
				70%	30			1.9	5.83
				70%	30			2.9	5.86
				70%	30			2.7	5.86
				70%	30			4.8	5.91
				50%	50			1.2	5.73
				50%	50			1.3	5.72
				50%	50			6.4	5.91
				50%	50			6.9	5.92
				30%	70			1.2	5.66
				30%	70			4.8	5.81
				30%	70			3.3	5.76
				30%	70			5.3	5.83
4	high-pressure sapphire autoclave	CH4	conroe oil	95%	5	NA	NA	4	3.98	The mass transfer of methane through hydrate shells appears to control hydrate formation in these water-in-oil dispersions.	(45)
				65%	35	NA	NA
				65%	35	NA	NA
				65%	35	NA	NA
				65%	35	NA	NA
5	stirring autoclave	CH4	diesel oil	209 mL	5	rhamnolipid	3	6	5.50	When Span 20, rhamnolipid, and compounding AAs were added in water/diesel oil systems, water cut affected not only the amount of dissociated methane hydrate but also the maximum dissociation rate of methane hydrate.	(23)
				198 mL	10		3
				176 mL	20		3
				198 mL	10		1
				198 mL	10		0.5
				198 mL	10		0
				209 mL	5	Span 20	0.1
				198 mL	10		0.1
				209 mL	5		0.5
				198 mL	10		0.5
				198 mL	10		2.0
				209 mL	5	Span 20:esters polymer	3.0
				198 mL	10		3.0
				209 mL	5		1:02
				198 mL	10		1:02
				176 mL	20		1:02
				154 mL	30		1:02
6	high-pressure sapphire autoclave	CH4	diesel oil	95 mL	5	antiagglomerant	3	4	0.2	The solubility of natural gas in an emulsion system grows practically linearly with pressure, while it decreases with water cut. There is an initial slow hydrate formation stage for systems with water cuts of 5, 10, and 15% vol, whereas rapid hydrate formation occurs and the process of the gas–liquid dissolving equilibrium does not appear in the pressure curve at 20 and 25 vol %.	(87)
									0.4
									0.8
									1.2
				90 mL	10				0.2
									0.5
									0.8
									1.2
									1.35
				85 mL	15				0.5
									0.8
									1
									1.2
									1.35
				80 mL	20				0.3
									0.6
									0.9
									1.2
									1.35
				75 mL	25				0.2
									0.4
									0.8
7	high-pressure sapphire autoclave	CH4	diesel oil	481 mL	10	lubrizol	0	3	6.5	High water cuts with or without surfactants had a lower dissociation ratio (25%) than lower water cuts, resulting in enhanced self-preservation effects.	(10)
				428 mL	20		0
				374 mL	30		0
				428 mL	20		0.06
				428 mL	20	TBAB	0.06
				428 mL	20		0
				0	100		0
				530 mL	99		0
				507 mL	95		0
				530 mL	99	TBAB	0.06
				530 mL	99	lubrizol	0.06
				0	100	TBAB	0.06
				0	100	lubrizol	0.06
8	high-pressure sapphire autoclave	CH4	diesel oil	300 mL	up to 30	Span20 with different promoters (SDS,L-1,TBAB)	0	3	7	SDS/L-l had a greater effect on increasing hydrate growth, which could significantly increase the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in the emulsion system, whereas Tween80 and TBAB prevented methane hydrate formation in the emulsion to some amount.	(94)
							0.5
							0.5
							0.5
							0.5
							0.5
							0.5
							0.5
							1
							0.5
							0.25
							0.1
							1
							0.5
							0.25
							0.1
							0.5
							0.5	6.5
							0.5	6
							0.5	5.5
							0.5	7
							0.5	6.5
							0.5	6
							0.5	5.5
9	stainless steel (SS-316) cell	CH4	mineral oil		40	PVP	2	4	8	In comparison to PVP, MEG is a better choice. l-Tyrosine is not a good choice in terms of hydrate formation induction time.	(95)
						MEG	20	7
10	high-pressure hydrate reaction system	CH4	light oil and asphaltene	4 mL	90	PVP (K-15)	2000 ppm	2	5	Results demonstrated that light oil components mainly promote hydrate growth at the initial stage because of the enhanced methane solubility in the oil phase and the slight emulsification effect under mechanical stirring.	(91)
						luvicap EG
						inhibex 501
11	autoclave	CH4	seabed oil	10 mL	(20–50) and (60–100)	antiagglomerant	0.2 and 0.5	20 to 1	14	AA is less toxic than QAs. The T surfactant used in this study has the ability to reduce the risk of hydrate obstruction in offshore gas flowlines as well as capture oil from deep water spills.	(88)