Table 2.
Associations between inflammatory biomarkers and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women from the PRECAMA study
| Cases/controls | Univariatea | BMI-adjustedb | WC-adjustedc | Fully-adjustedd | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| IL-6, per SD increase | 453/453 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 0.29 | 1.32 (1.12–1.55) | 0.001 | 1.24 (1.07–1.44) | 0.005 | 1.33 (1.11–1.60) | 0.002 |
| Quartile 1 | 140/114 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 88/113 | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | 0.78 (0.52–1.16) | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 0.70 (0.43–1.13) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 88/113 | 0.64 (0.44–0.93) | 0.90 (0.60–1.35) | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 0.83 (0.51–1.35) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 137/113 | 0.96 (0.67–1.36) | 1.55 (1.04–2.30) | 1.32 (0.90–1.95) | 1.36 (0.85–2.18) | ||||
| P-trend | 0.87 | P-trend | 0.01 | P-trend | 0.06 | P-trend | 0.07 | ||
| IL-8, per SD increase | 314/314 | 1.11 (0.94–1.3) | 0.21 | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | 0.11 | 1.15 (0.98–1.36) | 0.09 | 1.15 (0.93–1.44) | 0.20 |
| Quartile 1 | 67/79 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 84/78 | 1.31 (0.82–2.09) | 1.3 (0.79–2.13) | 1.35 (0.84–2.18) | 1.99 (1.04–3.78) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 63/78 | 0.96 (0.60–1.55) | 0.98 (0.60–1.63) | 1.04 (0.64–1.70) | 1.17 (0.60–2.26) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 100/79 | 1.49 (0.95–2.32) | 1.54 (0.96–2.48) | 1.59 (1.01–2.52) | 2.16 (1.14–4.07) | ||||
| P-trend | 0.13 | P-trend | 0.10 | P-trend | 0.07 | P-trend | 0.06 | ||
| IL-10, per SD increase | 453/453 | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.22 | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) | 0.28 | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.37 | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.54 |
| Quartile 1 | 124/114 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 100/114 | 0.79 (0.54–1.16) | 0.77 (0.52–1.15) | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | 0.80 (0.50–1.29) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 129/112 | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | 1.01 (0.69–1.47) | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 1.09 (0.70–1.70) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 100/113 | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 0.77 (0.51–1.14) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.76 (0.47–1.24) | ||||
| P-trend | 0.46 | P-trend | 0.36 | P-trend | 0.50 | P-trend | 0.44 | ||
| TNF-α, per SD increase | 453/453 | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 0.38 | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 0.07 | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 0.07 | 1.32 (1.11–1.58) | 0.002 |
| Quartile 1 | 119/114 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 108/113 | 0.91 (0.62–1.32) | 1.01 (0.68–1.49) | 0.99 (0.68–1.45) | 1.55 (0.96–2.49) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 107/113 | 0.90 (0.61–1.32) | 0.95 (0.63–1.41) | 0.96 (0.65–1.42) | 1.49 (0.90–2.47) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 119/113 | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) | 1.32 (0.89–1.94) | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) | 2.03 (1.26–3.26) | ||||
| P-trend | 0.96 | P-trend | 0.20 | P-trend | 0.28 | P-trend | 0.006 | ||
| IFN-γ, per SD increase | 453/453 | 0.90 (0.80–1.03) | 0.12 | 0.93 (0.82–1.07) | 0.32 | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.33 | 0.94 (0.80–1.09) | 0.42 |
| Quartile 1 | 135/114 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 118/113 | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | 0.92 (0.64–1.33) | 0.9 (0.63–1.28) | 1.35 (0.86–2.12) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 96/113 | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | 0.91 (0.58–1.42) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 104/113 | 0.80 (0.57–1.14) | 0.87 (0.60–1.25) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 0.87 (0.56–1.35) | ||||
| P-trend | 0.14 | P-trend | 0.34 | P-trend | 0.32 | P-trend | 0.29 | ||
| Leptin, per SD increase | 430/430 | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.80–1.1) | 0.43 | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.03 | 0.82 (0.67–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Quartile 1 | 162/108 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 112/107 | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) | 0.87 (0.60–1.28) | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.77 (0.48–1.22) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 81/107 | 0.52 (0.36–0.76) | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.59 (0.40–0.88) | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 75/108 | 0.48 (0.33–0.70) | 0.84 (0.54–1.32) | 0.62 (0.41–0.96) | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | ||||
| P-trend | < 0.001 | P-trend | 0.21 | P-trend | 0.008 | P-trend | 0.03 | ||
| Adiponectin, per SD increase | 453/453 | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | 0.08 | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 0.78 | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 0.40 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 0.59 |
| Quartile 1 | 99/114 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 99/113 | 1.01 (0.69–1.48) | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | 1.17 (0.72–1.91) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 119/113 | 1.25 (0.86–1.80) | 1.01 (0.68–1.49) | 1.11 (0.76–1.62) | 1.00 (0.62–1.62) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 136/113 | 1.45 (0.98–2.14) | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 1.25 (0.83–1.86) | 1.30 (0.79–2.13) | ||||
| P-trend | 0.04 | P-trend | 0.43 | P-trend | 0.23 | P-trend | 0.38 | ||
| Leptin/adiponectin, per SD increase | 430/430 | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.79–1.11) | 0.43 | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.02 | 0.81 (0.66–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Quartile 1 | 146/108 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 126/107 | 0.89 (0.61–1.28) | 1.06 (0.72–1.56) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 0.90 (0.56–1.44) | ||||
| Quartile 3 | 81/107 | 0.56 (0.38–0.83) | 0.78 (0.52–1.18) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | ||||
| Quartile 4 | 77/108 | 0.53 (0.36–0.79) | 0.98 (0.62–1.55) | 0.72 (0.47–1.13) | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | ||||
| P-trend | < 0.001 | P-trend | 0.62 | P-trend | 0.07 | P-trend | 0.13 | ||
a Matched on age (± 3 years), city district of residence, and health insurance institution
b Univariate model, additionally adjusted for BMI (continuous)
c Univariate model, additionally adjusted for WC (continuous)
d Univariate model, additionally adjusted for BMI (continuous), age at menarche (years, continuous), number of full-term pregnancies (0/1/2/ ≥ 3), age at first pregnancy (nulliparous, tertiles), breastfeeding duration (nulliparous, tertiles), use of hormones at blood collection (yes/no), personal history of benign breast disease (yes/no), family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (yes/no), smoking status (ever smoker/never smoker), alcohol consumption (g/day), moderate physical activity (hours/day), education level (up to primary school/secondary school/longer than secondary school), and adult height (continuous)
Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, CI Confidence interval, IFN-γ Interferon-γ, IL Interleukin, OR Odds ratio, SD Standard deviation, TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor α, WC Waist circumference