Table 8.
Association between E1 and gait speed in male and female
| Models with E1 as a continuous variable | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men |
β* (SE) |
P value | Women |
β* (SE) |
P value | |||
| Model 1 | -0.038 (0.015) | 0.017* | -0.019 (0.017) | 0.172 | ||||
| Model 2 | -0.038 (0.017) | 0.015* | -0.016 (0.016) | 0.278 | ||||
| Model 3 | -0.046 (0.018) | 0.013* | -0.014 (0.018) | 0.372 | ||||
| Model 4 | -0.049 (0.017) | 0.011* | -0.019 (0.014) | 0.369 | ||||
| Models with E1 by increasing quartiles | ||||||||
| Men | Women | |||||||
| Quartile comparison |
β† (SE) |
P value | P for trend | Quartile comparison |
β† (SE) |
P value | P for trend | |
| Model 1 | Q2 v.s. Q1 | -0.017 (0.037) | 0.638 | 0.038* | Q2 v.s. Q1 | 0.049 (0.027) | 0.092 | 0.464 |
| Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.064 (0.048) | 0.146 | Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.032 (0.031) | 0.335 | |||
| Q4 v.s. Q1 | -0.078 (0.033) | 0.078 | Q4 v.s. Q1 | -0.001 (0.035) | 0.978 | |||
| Model 2 | Q2 v.s. Q1 | -0.011 (0.055) | 0.790 | 0.056 | Q2 v.s. Q1 | 0.052 (0.027) | 0.075 | 0.531 |
| Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.059 (0.039) | 0.197 | Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.025 (0.030) | 0.403 | |||
| Q4 v.s. Q1 | -0.058 (0.034) | 0.078 | Q4 v.s. Q1 | 0.006 (0.038) | 0.908 | |||
| Model 3 | Q2 v.s. Q1 | -0.015 (0.029) | 0.567 | 0.024* | Q2 v.s. Q1 | 0.058 (0.029) | 0.048* | 0.705 |
| Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.046 (0.031) | 0.120 | Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.022 (0.033) | 0.508 | |||
| Q4 v.s. Q1 | -0.072 (0.035) | 0.030* | Q4 v.s. Q1 | 0.016 (0.037) | 0.707 | |||
| Model 4 | Q2 v.s. Q1 | -0.008 (0.036) | 0.786 | 0.019* | Q2 v.s. Q1 | 0.052 (0.029) | 0.059 | 0.673 |
| Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.048 (0.038) | 0.167 | Q3 v.s. Q1 | -0.022 (0.031) | 0.565 | |||
| Q4 v.s. Q1 | -0.063 (0.023) | 0.024* | Q4 v.s. Q1 | 0.009 (0.036) | 0.809 | |||
| E1 | Men | Women | Mean Difference | P-value | ||||
| Overall Mean | 3.75 ± 1.37 | 3.50 ± 1.25 | 0.25 | 0.044* | ||||
* Indicates p ≤ 0.05,
Adjusted covariates: Model 1 = Age, weight, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and use of walking devices; Model 2 = Model 1 + co-morbidities (dizziness, vestibular diseases, diabetes, and arthritis)
Model 3 = Model 2 + markers of cardiovascular risk (natural-log-transformed levels of the use of anti-anxiety drugs, gender)
Model 4 = Model 3 + BMI categories
* Parameter estimates (β) can be interpreted as differences in mean gait speed (m/sec) for each increment
of one standard deviation in the log-transformed E1 among men (or women)
† Parameter estimates (β) can be interpreted as differences in mean gait speed (m/sec) compared male (or female)
subjects in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of E1 to those in the lowest quartile
Abbreviations: E1 – Equality point for the regression lines of velocity and stride frequency on the VFD; SE, standard error
The cut-off values E1 quartiles among the men were: quartile 1 (< 1.80), quartile 2 (1.80–2.51), quartile 3 (2.52–3.69),
and quartile 4 (> 3.69); while among the women the cut-off values were: quartile 1 (< 1.48), quartile 2 (1.48–2.28),
quartile 3 (2.29–3.52), and quartile 4 (> 3.52)