Table 2.

GRADE quality of evidence table for estimates using muscle power, activity-based tests, and physical activity level in daily life in older adults

Certainty assessment							Number of patients		Effect		Certainty	Importance
Number of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsist-ency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Power training	Strength training	Relative (95% CI)	Absolute (95% CI)
Muscle power (upper extremity)
6	randomized trials	serious a	not serious b,c,d	not serious e,f,g	not serious h	all plausible residual confounding would suggest spurious effect, while no effect was observed	90	90	–	SMD 0.99 SD higher(0.34 higher to 1.65 higher)	⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH	IMPORTANT
Muscle power (lower extremity)
10	randomized trials	serious a	very serious b,i,j	not serious e,f,g	not serious h	publication bias strongly suspected very strong association all plausible residual confounding would suggest spurious effect, while no effect was observed	203	204	–	SMD 1.00 SD higher(0.40 higher to 1.60 higher)	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE	IMPORTANT
Generic tests
11	randomized trials	serious a	not serious b,c,j	not serious e,f,g	not serious h	strong association all plausible residual confounding would suggest spurious effect, while no effect was observed	424	429	–	SMD 0.43 SD higher(0.23 higher to 0.62 higher)	⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH	CRITICAL
Tests with emphasis on movement speed
9	randomized trials	serious a	not serious b,d,i	not serious e,f,g	not serious h	strong association all plausible residual confounding would suggest spurious effect, while no effect was observed	202	215	–	SMD 0.36 SD higher(0.04 higher to 0.6 higher)	⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH	IMPORTANT

Legend: ^a Studies that carried large weight for the overall effect estimated as high risk of bias due to lack of construct validity for the intervention and the test and a lack of allocation concealment ^b (Unexplained) Inconsistency, with point estimates different. ^c Substantially overlap in confidence interval ^d I² is less than 60% ^e No differences in population, ^f Substantial differences in outcome measures ^g Substantial differences in interventions ^h The 95% CI showed a moderate to good effect of powertraining in all articles ⁱ Confidence intervals do not overlap. ^j I² is more than 60%