Table 1.

Overview of molecular outcomes of Host and SARS-CoV-2 protein interactions.

Viral protein	Interacting host proteins/organelles	Molecular outcome in host cell	Molecular advantage to virus	Techniques used to identify interactions	Reference
RGD motif of Spike protein	Ca2+ dependent ACE-2 binding	Attachment to host cell	Viral entry	In-silico analysis	[23]
NSP4	IMM proteins	Regulates mitochondrial morphology and CM formation	Viral replication	Affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS)	[36]
E-protein	Viroporin non-selective cations conductance like K+ and Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ located predominantly in ER	Secretion of Viral-like particles	Release of viral particles		[40] [41]
ORF3a	Interacts with TRPML3 in lysosomes. Non-selective cation channel with permeability in order of Ca2+> K+ > Na+ located predominantly on lysosomes.	Regulates autophagy, pro-apoptotic pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome activation	Exocytosis of viral particles		[42] [46] [44] [43]
	mPTP proteins such as ANT and ATP synthase	Opening of mPTP	Unknown	Co-immunoprecipitation	[37]
	Mitochondrial complexes	Decreases mitochondrial OCR	Unknown	Co-immunoprecipitation	[37]
ORF9c	OMM proteins	Regulates MAVS	Immune evasion	Affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS)	[36]
	mPTP proteins such as ANT and ATP synthase	Opening of mPTP	Unknown	Co-immunoprecipitation	[37]
NSP6, ORF9b, and ORF10	mPTP proteins such as ANT and ATP synthase	Opening of mPTP	Unknown	Co-immunoprecipitation	[37]
M-protein	CCDC58	Reduction in mitochondrial CRC	Unknown	Overexpression and co-immunoprecipitation	[37]
	Mitochondrial complexes	Decreases mitochondrial OCR	Unknown	Co-immunoprecipitation	[37]