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. 2022 Aug 3;14(15):3780. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153780

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Representative H&E-stained sections of different pathologies along the GI tract. (A) Helicobacter-pylori-associated gastritis. Abundant curved rods lining the surface epithelium with underlying mixed inflammatory infiltrate. (B) Moderate number of plasma cells (green arrow), indicating chronic inflammation, and neutrophils (yellow arrow), indicating active inflammation. (C) Gastric adenocarcinoma. Irregular angulated glands lined by tumour cells with enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, moderate nuclear pleomorphism and frequent mitotic figures. The background stroma is inflamed and desmoplastic. (D) Normal oesophageal squamous epithelium with normal surface maturation. (E) Oesophageal squamous epithelium with high-grade dysplasia involving full thickness of the epithelium. The dysplastic cells exhibit enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, marked nuclear pleomorphism, loss of polarity and lack of surface maturation. No stromal invasion is observed. (F) Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Irregular nests of tumour cells infiltrating in desmoplastic stroma. The tumour cells exhibit enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, marked nuclear pleomorphism and frequent mitotic figures. Squamous pearls (yellow arrow) are observed. (G) Oesophageal squamous epithelium with high-grade dysplasia involving full thickness of the epithelium. The dysplastic cells exhibit enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, marked nuclear pleomorphism, loss of polarity and lack of surface maturation. No stromal invasion is observed. (H) Oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Complex cribriform glands lined by tumour cells with enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, moderate nuclear pleomorphism and frequent mitotic figures. (I) Oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Poorly differentiated areas with predominantly solid nests observed. (J) Colonic tubular adenoma. Crowded colonic crypts with low-grade dysplasia. The dysplastic cells exhibit pseudostratified, elongated hyperchromatic nuclei. (K) Colon adenocarcinoma. Signet ring cells (arrow) with intracellular mucin that displaces the nucleus to the side. (L) Colon adenocarcinoma. Cribriform glands with extensive tumour necrosis (arrow).