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. 2022 Jul 27;14(15):3649. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153649

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Summary of the mechanisms of vitamin D direct action on breast cancer cells. Rb—retinoblastoma, CDK—cyclin-dependent kinase, c-Myc—c-myelocytomatosis, C/EBPα—CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α, p21 and p27—cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, BRCA—breast cancer susceptibility gene, ROS—reactive oxygen species, TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor α, Bcl-2—B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2, MMP—matrix metalloproteinase, ECM—extracellular matrix, Id1—inhibitor of DNA binding 1, VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor, and NFκB—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.