. 2022 Jul 28;12(15):1925. doi: 10.3390/ani12151925

Table 4.

Concentrations of trace minerals in maternal liver at three different time-points as influenced by maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation (VMSUP) and two different rates of gain (GAIN; low rate, 0.28 kg/d (LG) or moderate rate, 0.79 kg/d (MG).

Trace Mineral Concentration, μg/g Dry	NoVTM ¹		VTM ²		SEM ⁴	p-Values
Trace Mineral Concentration, μg/g Dry	LG	MG ³	LG	MG ³	SEM ⁴	VMSUP	GAIN	Day	VMSUP × GAIN	VMSUP × Day	GAIN × Day	VMSUP × GAIN × Day
Selenium
Prior to VMSUP ⁵	2.05 ^a	1.47 ^a	1.94 ^a	1.72 ^a	0.25	<0.01	0.02	<0.01	0.79	<0.01	0.05	<0.01
Breeding ⁶	1.76 ^a	1.56 ^a	2.98 ^c	3.12 ^c
Surgery ⁷	1.64 ^a	1.54 ^a	2.87 ^c	2.26 ^b
Iron
Prior to VMSUP	208.95	230.32	214.12	217.98	49.3	0.17	0.51	<0.01	0.56	0.28	0.02	0.47
Breeding	375.87	348.74	275.35	317.63
Surgery	347.97	261.66	298.21	246.19
Copper
Prior to VMSUP	83.69 ^a	50.1 ^a	112.28 ^a	66.55 ^a	29.56	<0.01	0.33	<0.01	0.73	<0.01	0.05	0.02
Breeding	66.82 ^a	38.88 ^a	195.28 ^b	218.04 ^c
Surgery	39.35 ^a	27.35 ^a	196.27 ^b	184.21 ^b
Zinc
Prior to VMSUP	139.9	173.54	165.46	178.07	13.76	0.27	0.15	<0.01	0.78	0.62	0.23	0.39
Breeding	120.53	123.27	122.68	133.65
Surgery	119.49	120.37	121.95	123.93
Molybdenum
Prior to VMSUP	3.38	3.63	3.68	4.05	0.2	0.52	0.04	0.06	0.33	0.06	0.19	0.83
Breeding	3.57	3.47	3.33	3.57
Surgery	3.58	3.85	3.39	3.95
Manganese
Prior to VMSUP	9.88	10.51	11.01	11.83	0.66	0.29	0.03	<0.01	0.04	0.18	0.65	0.38
Breeding	11.48	11.04	10.74	11.99
Surgery	9.94	9.86	8.46	10.85
Cobalt
Prior to VMSUP	0.14	0.15	0.17	0.19	0.02	<0.01	0.91	<0.01	0.92	0.01	0.36	0.32
Breeding	0.17	0.16	0.22	0.23
Surgery	0.2	0.19	0.24	0.21

¹ NoVTM: No vitamin and mineral supplement was a pelleted product fed at a 0.45 kg·heifer⁻¹·day⁻¹ with no added vitamin and mineral supplement. ² VTM: Vitamin mineral supplement was a pelleted product fed at a 0.45 kg·heifer⁻¹·day⁻¹ (consisting of 113 g of a vitamin and mineral supplement, formulated to deliver similar levels of vitamins and minerals that were fed pre-breeding and 337 g of a carrier). ³ Heifers fed a pelleted blend of ground corn, dried distillers grains plus solubles, wheat midds, fish oil, urea, and ethoxyquin fed at a rate to achieve a targeted gain of 0.79 kg/d. ⁴ NoVTM-LG (n = 9); NoVTM-MG (n = 9); VTM-LG (n = 9); VTM-MG (n = 8). ⁵ Liver biopsy was performed before VMSUP factor initiation (71 to 148 d before artificial insemination). ⁶ Liver biopsy was performed at the time of artificial insemination. ⁷ Liver biopsy was performed at the time of ovariohysterectomy (d 83 ± 0.27 after artificial insemination). ^abc Means lacking common superscript differ (p ≤ 0.05).