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. 2022 Jul 29;11(15):2336. doi: 10.3390/cells11152336

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Graphic representation of the implications of TGF-β signaling in the pathological processes occurring during the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Schematic representation summarizing the TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 expression in healthy condition in human eye structures and cells (left) and proangiogenic and antiangiogenic expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 in nAMD of human eye structures (right). The squares in blue or red indicate, respectively, down-regulation and up-regulation of different types of TGF-β with the related site in the eye. nAMD: neovascular age-related macular degeneration. EMT: epithelial to mesenchymal transition. RPE: retinal pigment epithelium. CNV: choroidal neovascularization.