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. 2022 Aug 3;19(15):9559. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159559

Table 2.

Narrative description of the intragroup changes after the intervention.

Study Number of
Participants		 Male/Female Age (Mean ± SD) Cardiorespiratory Fitness Body Composition Musculoskeletal Fitness Metabolic Risk Factors
Healthy participants
Ballesta-Garcia, 2019 [11] 54 0/54

  • WB-HIIT: 66 ± 5

  • WB-MIIT: 70 ± 9

  • CTL: 67 ± 6

 - - Arm curl (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ WB-MIIT ↔ CTL↑
30s sit to stand (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ WB-MIIT ↑ CTL↓
Timed up and go (s)
WB-HIIT↓ WB-MIIT ↓ CTL↑
One leg stand (left) (s):
WB-HIIT↑ WB-MIIT ↔ CTL↔
One leg stand (right) (s):
WB-HIIT↔ WB-MIIT ↔ CTL↔
Right handgrip (kg):
WB-HIIT↔ WB-MIIT ↔ CTL↔
Left handgrip (kg):
WB-HIIT↔ WB-MIIT ↔ CTL↔		 -
Ballesta-Garcia, 2020 [12] 54 0/54

  • WB-HIIT: 66 ± 5

  • WB-MIIT: 70 ± 9

  • CTL: 67 ± 6

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ WB-MIIT ↑ CTL↔		 - - -
Blackwell et al., 2017 [20] 12 -

  • WB-HIIT: 52 ± 2

  • HIIT: 52 ± 3

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑		 - - SBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔
DBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔
* Connolly et al., 2020 [18] 24 0/24

  • WB-HIIT and CTL:

  • 39 ± 10

 - - - SBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
DBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
Fasting glucose (mmol/L):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
HDL-C (mmol/L):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
LDL-C (mmol/L):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
Visceral fat (cm3):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
Engel et al., 2019 [22] 20 10/10

  • WB-HIIT: 35 ± 12

  • CTL: 37 ± 10

 - - Leg press (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
Chest press (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
Pulldown (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
Back extension (rep):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
Ventral plank (s):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
Left plank (s):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
Right plank (s):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔		 SBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔, CTL↔
DBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔
Evangelista et al., 2019 [23] 25 -

  • WB-HIIT: 28 ± 7

  • VICT: 29 ± 5

 - Fat mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔
Lean mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔		 Abdominal (rep):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔
Horizontal jump (min):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔
Push-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔		 -
Evangelista et al., 2021 [24] 34 34/0

  • WB-HIIT: 28 ± 7

  • CTL: 29 ± 7

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ CTL ↔		 - Push-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
Sit-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
Burpees:
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔
Leg press 1RM (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 -
Islam et al., 2019 [25] 68 52/16

  • WB-HIIT: 21 ± 3

  • VICT: 22 ± 4

  • CTL: 21 ± 4

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↑ CTL↔		 - Push-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ VICT↔ CTL↔
Right plank (s):
WB-HIIT↑ VICT↔ CTL↔
Left plank (s):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔ CTL↔
Back extension (s):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔ CTL↔
Sit up (s):
WB-HIIT↔ VICT↔ CTL↔		 -
Jimenez-Garcia et al., 2019 [21] 73 20/62

  • WB-HIIT, WB-MIIT and CTL: 68 ± 3

 - Body fat (%):
WB-HIIT↔
WB-MIIT↔ CTL↔
Muscle Mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↔ WB-MIIT↔ CTL↔		 Handgrip (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ MIFT↔ CTL↔		 -
Lu et al., 2021 [26] 20 0/20

  • WB-HIIT: 20 ± 1

  • HIIT: 21 ± 1

 VO2max
WB-HIIT ↑ HIIT ↑		 Body fat (%):
WB-HIIT↓ HIIT↓
Lean mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑		 Sit-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↔
Push-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔
Broad jump (cm):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↔		 -
* McRae et al., 2012 [16] 22 0/22

  • WB-HIIT: 21 ± 1

  • MICT: 21 ± 3

  • CTL: 19 ± 1

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↑ CTL↔		 - Leg extension (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↔ CTL↔
Lateral pulldowns (rep):
WB-HIIT↔ MICT↑ CTL↔
Chest press (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↔ CTL↔
Push-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↔ CTL↔
Sit-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↔ CTL↔
Back extension (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↔ CTL↔		 -
Menz et al., 2019 [27] 15 4/11

  • WB-HIIT: 24 ± 2

  • HIIT: 27 ± 3

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑		 Body fat (%):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔
Muscle percentage (%):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔		 Push-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔
Toes to bar (rep):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↔
Burpees (rep):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↑
Broad Jump (m):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔		 -
Micielska et al., 2019 [28] 33 0/33

  • WB-HIIT and CTL:

  • 38 ± 12

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 Fat mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↔, CTL↔
Muscle mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↔ CTL↔		 - -
Murawska-Cialowicz et al., 2020 [29] 25 25/0

  • WB-HIIT: 32 ± 7

  • CTL: 25 ± 3

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 Fat mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↓ CTL↓
Muscle mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 - -
Schaun et al., 2018 [13] 41 41/0

  • WB-HIIT: 24 ± 2

  • HIIT: 23 ± 1

  • VICT: 24 ± 1

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑ VICT↑		 Body fat (%):
WB-HIIT↓ HIIT↓ VICT↓		 - -
Schaun et al., 2019 [14] 41 41/0

  • WB-HIIT: 24 ± 2

  • HIIT: 23 ± 1

  • VICT: 24 ± 1

 - - Counter movement jump height (cm):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑ VICT↑
Counter movement jump peak power (W):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑ VICT↔
Squat jump height (cm):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑ VICT↑
Squat jump peak power (W):
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑ VICT↑		 -
Schmidt et al., 2016 [30] 96 43/53

  • WB-HIIT 7 Male: 22 ± 2

  • WB-HIIT 14 Male: 21 ± 1

  • CTL Male: 21 ± 1

  • WB-HIIT 7 Female: 21 ± 1

  • WB-HIIT 14 Female: 21 ± 2

  • CTL Female: 20 ± 1

 VO2max Male:
WB-HIIT 7↔
WB-HIIT 14↔ CTL↔
VO2max Female:
WB-HIIT 7↔
WB-HIIT 14↑ CTL↔		 Body fat Male (%):
WB-HIIT-7↔ WB-HIIT-14↔ CTL↔
Body fat Female (%):
WB-HIIT-7↔ WB-HIIT-14↔ CTL↔		 Right handgrip Male (kg):
WB-HIIT 7↔ WB-HIIT 14↑ CTL↔
Left handgrip Male (kg):
WB-HIIT-7↑ WB-HIIT-14↔ CTL↔
Push-ups Male (rep):
WB-HIIT-7↑ WB-HIIT-14↑ CTL↔
Right handgrip Female (kg):
WB-HIIT-7↔ WB-HIIT-14↔ CTL↔
Left handgrip Female (kg):
WB-HIIT-7↔ WB-HIIT-14↔ CTL↔
Push-ups Female (rep):
WB-HIIT-7↑ WB-HIIT-14↑ CTL↔		 -
Sperlich et al., 2018 [31] 24 10/14

  • WB-HIIT-LV and -HV and CTL: 25 ± 5

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT-LV↔
WB-HIIT-HV↔ CTL↔		 Fat mass (kg):
WB-HIIT-LV↔ WB-HIIT-HV↔ CTL↔
Muscle percentage (%):
WB-HIIT-LV↔ WB-HIIT-HV↔ CTL↔		 Push-ups (rep):
WB-HIIT-LV↑ WB-HIIT-HV↑ CTL↔
Leg-levers (rep):
WB-HIIT-LV ↑ WB-HIIT-HV↑ CTL ↔
Burpees (rep):
WB-HIIT- LV ↑ WB-HIIT-HV↑ CTL↔		 -
* Wilke et al., 2019 [17] 33 12/21

  • WB-HIIT: 26 ± 6

  • MICT: 24 ± 3

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↔ MICT↔		 - Leg press 1RM (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↔
Chest press 1RM (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ MICT↔
Single leg hop distance (cm):
WB-HIIT↔ MICT↔
Counter movement jump (cm): WB-HIIT↔ MICT↔		 -
Specific populations
Batrakoulis et al., 2018 [32] 35 0/35

  • WB-HIIT: 36 ± 5

  • CTL: 36 ± 4

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 Fat mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↓ CTL↔
Fat-free mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 Leg press 1RM (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 -
Jung et al., 2019 [33] 26 0/26

  • WB-HIIT: 75 ± 4

  • CTL: 75 ± 5

 - Body fat (%):
WB-HIIT↓ CTL↔
Fat-free mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↑ CTL↔		 - -
Scott et al., 2019 [34] 32 13/19

  • WB-HIIT: 32 ± 8

  • HIIT: 37 ± 13

  • MICT: 38 ± 9

 VO2max:
WB-HIIT↑ HIIT↑ MICT↑		 Body fat (%):
WB-HIIT↓ HIIT↓ MICT↓
Lean mass (kg):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔ MICT↔		 - Fasting glucose (mmol/L):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔ MICT↔
HDL-C (mmol/L):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔ MICT↔
LDL-C (mmol/L):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔ MICT↔
SBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔ MICT↔
DBP (mmHg):
WB-HIIT↔ HIIT↔ MICT↔
Visceral fat (g):
WB-HIIT↓ HIIT↓ MICT↓

CTL, control; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; HV, high volume; LDL-C, low-density lipoproteins cholesterol; LV, low volume; MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training; 1RM, one-repetition maximum; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VICT, vigorous-intensity continuous training; WB-HIIT, whole-body high-intensity interval training; WB-MIIT, whole-body moderate intensity interval training; WB-HIIT 7, 7 min protocol; WB-HIIT 14, 14 min protocol; ↑, value increasing significantly; ↓, value decreasing significantly; ↔, no significant change. *, excluded from the meta-analysis.