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. 2022 Aug 4;11(15):2416. doi: 10.3390/cells11152416

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cellular antioxidants that use NADPH for reduction compared to those that use a dismutase mechanism. (A) NADPH provides electrons to the antioxidant system to detoxify ROS/RNS. Abbreviations: oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), dehydroascorbate (oxidized form of vitamin C), peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), hydroxyl radical (HO^•), oxidized urate radical (urate*), oxidized vitamin E radical (vit E*), alkyl peroxide (ROOH), alkyl free radical (R^•), lipid peroxide radical (LOO^•) glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), dehydroascorbate reductase (GSTO). (B) The dismutase mechanism of SOD and catalase uses two reactants (either two O₂^•− or two H₂O₂ molecules) and leads to the reduction of one and the oxidation of the other. Abbreviation: superoxide dismutase (SOD).