Table 2.
Effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), activation energy (Ea)color parameters (L*, a*, b*), color difference (ΔE), shrinkage ratio (SR), water binding capacity (WBC), water holding capacity (WHC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of chrysanthemum cakes at different drying methods.
| Drying Methods | Temperature | Deff | E a | Color Parameters | SR | WBC | WHC | TPC | TFC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (°C) | (10−7 m2∙s−1) | kJ/mol | L* | a* | b* | ∆E | (%) | (g/g) | (mg GAE/g DW) | (mg RE/g DW) | ||
| Control | - | - | 80.63 ± 0.27 a | 0.93 ± 0.10 d | 9.19 ± 0.32 j | - | 16.26 ± 0.56 g | 8.35 ± 0.68 a | 7.87 ± 0.13 a | 40.43 ± 2.66 cde | 119.32 ± 3.04 c | |
| HAD | 55 | 0.61 | 26.21 | 79.08 ± 0.13 ab | 1.08 ± 0.13 d | 14.06 ± 0.25 cde | 5.02 ± 0.04 e | 26.38 ± 1.30 cde | 4.73 ± 0.17 f | 6.73 ± 0.30 bcd | 26.91 ± 0.40 g | 100.43 ± 1.58 e |
| 65 | 0.82 | 73.96 ± 0.78 cd | 1.27 ± 0.29 d | 13.21 ± 0.68 de | 8.21 ± 0.64 cd | 26.85 ± 2.33 bcd | 5.11 ± 0.03 ef | 6.98 ± 0.65 abc | 44.51 ± 0.28 bc | 110.99 ± 0.97 d | ||
| 75 | 1.07 | 64.91 ± 3.07 e | 1.96 ± 0.54 c | 13.69 ± 1.04 cde | 16.44 ± 2.93 b | 31.04 ± 2.60 ab | 4.74 ± 0.64 f | 6.02 ± 0.28 cde | 35.07 ± 3.79 ef | 118.81 ± 1.09 c | ||
| IR-HAD | 55 | 1.01 | 60.76 | 78.18 ± 0.47 ab | 1.59 ± 0.09 cd | 14.98 ± 0.17 bc | 6.46 ± 0.14 de | 26.40 ± 1.27 cde | 6.06 ± 0.57 cde | 6.45 ± 0.12 bcd | 45.69 ± 1.23 bc | 121.45 ± 1.75 c |
| 65 | 1.67 | 76.56 ± 0.48 bc | 1.65 ± 0.06 cd | 14.59 ± 0.26 bc | 6.28 ± 0.30 de | 22.19 ± 4.26 ef | 6.83 ± 0.09 bc | 7.69 ± 0.44 ab | 52.31 ± 2.49 a | 133.49 ± 2.91 a | ||
| 75 | 3.64 | 66.71 ± 2.83 e | 3.42 ± 1.24 b | 15.77 ± 0.70 ab | 14.73 ± 2.67 b | 21.62 ± 1.65 f | 6.50 ± 0.45 bc | 6.97 ± 0.35 abc | 34.55 ± 3.73 ef | 114.68 ± 0.61 cd | ||
| IR-HAD + HAD | 55 | 0.48 | 52.44 | 79.39 ± 1.11 ab | 0.67 ± 0.04 d | 11.84 ± 0.30 f | 5.00 ± 0.28 e | 28.31 ± 1.90 bc | 5.44 ± 0.46 def | 5.31 ± 0.33 e | 42.15 ± 0.11 de | 86.26 ± 0.49 f |
| 65 | 0.81 | 75.98 ± 2.44 c | 1.46 ± 0.07 cd | 14.29 ± 0.33 cd | 6.84 ± 1.50 de | 23.32 ± 1.85 def | 7.07 ± 0.39 b | 5.70 ± 0.23 de | 49.91 ± 2.38 ab | 117.35 ± 2.43 c | ||
| 75 | 1.45 | 71.94 ± 1.34 d | 2.30 ± 1.63 bc | 12.85 ± 1.46 ef | 9.93 ± 1.16 c | 34.10 ± 0.72 a | 5.84 ± 0.45 cde | 5.58 ± 0.48 e | 44.71 ± 0.79 cd | 115.46 ± 4.37 cd | ||
Control: freeze drying; HAD, hot air drying; IR-HAD, combined infrared and hot air drying; IR-HAD + HAD, sequential IR-HAD and HAD. Values with the different letters within each column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).