Table 3.
Effects of drying methods on volatile compounds of chrysanthemum cakes.
| No | Compounds | Formula | Content (μg/kg) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | HAD | IR-HAD | IR-HAD + HAD | |||
| Terpenes | ||||||
| 1 | 1-Isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexane | C10H16 | 126.38 | 10.81 | 22.15 | 12.67 |
| 2 | D-Limonene | C10H16 | 28.49 | 5.43 | - | - |
| 3 | β-cis-Ocimene | C10H16 | 14.47 | - | - | 6.06 |
| 4 | Ylangene | C15H24 | - | - | 9.15 | 5.19 |
| 5 | trans-β-Bergamotene | C15H24 | 39.52 | 5.23 | 10.68 | 5.76 |
| 6 | β-Caryophyllene | C15H24 | 144.34 | 40.17 | 45.29 | 45.52 |
| 7 | (E)-β-Famesene | C15H24 | 227.11 | 21.21 | 37.44 | 26.74 |
| 8 | β-Bisabolene | C15H24 | 686.14 | 189.02 | 287.07 | 232.92 |
| 9 | γ-Muurolene | C15H24 | 164.78 | 124.97 | 321.08 | 190.58 |
| 10 | α-Zingiberene | C15H24 | 391.72 | 294.86 | 632.19 | 545.52 |
| 11 | Bisabolene | C15H24 | 99.51 | 43.45 | 67.44 | 64.84 |
| 12 | (Z,E)-α-Farnesene | C15H24 | 178.91 | 89.74 | 166.21 | 136.33 |
| 13 | α-Farnesene | C15H24 | 178.68 | 53.62 | 87.36 | 73.14 |
| 14 | β-Sesquiphellandrene | C15H24 | 555.49 | 475.34 | 824.78 | 965.02 |
| 15 | α-Curcumene | C15H22 | 172.97 | 101.50 | 153.41 | 131.91 |
| 16 | Eucalyptol | C10H18O | 330.23 | 16.20 | 28.33 | 20.16 |
| 17 | (1R,2R,5S)-5-Isopropyl-2-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol | C10H18O | 191.12 | 7.61 | 14.00 | 9.16 |
| 18 | Linalool | C10H18O | 108.97 | 6.27 | 8.11 | 7.77 |
| 19 | Terpinen-4-ol | C10H18O | - | 9.39 | 10.38 | 5.91 |
| 20 | Isoborneol | C10H18O | 1553.76 | 174.71 | 246.03 | 142.13 |
| 21 | endo-Borneol | C10H18O | 1618.74 | - | - | - |
| 22 | Nerolidol | C15H26O | - | 19.73 | - | 36.69 |
| 23 | 7-epi-γ-Eudesmol | C15H26O | 70.26 | 8.61 | 58.67 | 34.52 |
| 24 | Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol | C15H26O | 158.83 | 122.90 | 100.63 | 250.93 |
| 25 | Carveol | C10H16O | 91.97 | 19.39 | 26.76 | 8.98 |
| Ketones | ||||||
| 26 | 6-Methyl-5-heptene-2-one | C8H14O | 15.14 | - | - | - |
| 27 | Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-one, 2,7,7-trimethyl- | C10H14O | 95.26 | - | - | 36.25 |
| 28 | Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, (1S)- | C10H16O | 1472.76 | 35.48 | 72.71 | - |
| 29 | D-Carvone | C10H14O | 101.51 | 11.90 | 16.50 | 11.29 |
| 30 | l-Verbenone | C10H14O | 128.40 | 3.02 | - | 5.11 |
| Esters | ||||||
| 31 | trans-Chrysanthenyl acetate | C12H18O2 | 35.70 | 2.68 | - | 2.13 |
| 32 | Bornyl acetate | C12H18O2 | 174.18 | 32.97 | 68.60 | 49.22 |
| 33 | Methyl caprate | C11H22O2 | 88.94 | 11.06 | 14.10 | 20.13 |
| 34 | Benzyl pentanoate | C12H16O2 | 265.17 | 38.33 | 49.94 | 26.08 |
| 35 | Benzyl isovalerate | C12H16O2 | 46.80 | 7.45 | 13.00 | 10.07 |
| Hydrocarbon | ||||||
| 36 | p-Xylene | C8H10 | - | 4.12 | - | - |
| 37 | Undecane | C11H24 | 21.71 | 6.33 | - | - |
| 38 | 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene | C8H8 | 38.88 | 19.47 | 41.59 | 17.19 |
| 39 | 1-Pentadecene | C15H30 | - | 4.27 | 8.09 | 6.70 |
| Aldehydes | ||||||
| 40 | Benzaldehyde | C7H6O | 92.38 | 22.21 | 37.40 | 26.96 |
| 41 | 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | C7H6O | 56.04 | 23.45 | 41.17 | 37.52 |
| 42 | 4-iPr-Benzaldehyde | C10H12O | 4.72 | 6.68 | ||
| 43 | Furfural | C5H4O2 | - | 3.87 | 23.85 | 2.91 |
| Alcohols | ||||||
| 44 | 2,4-Dimethyl-4-octanol | C10H22O | - | 19.15 | - | 5.66 |
| 45 | 3-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol | C7H12O | - | 29.07 | 36.29 | 4.87 |
| 46 | Benzyl alcohol | C7H8O | 25.58 | 11.92 | 9.95 | 6.18 |
| Phenols | ||||||
| 47 | Butylated Hydroxytoluene | C15H24O | - | 5.97 | 11.02 | - |
| Furans | ||||||
| 48 | Dihydro-β-agarofuran | C15H26O | 57.27 | 13.62 | 14.37 | 15.60 |
Control: freeze drying; HAD, hot air drying at 65 °C; IR-HAD, combined infrared and hot air drying at 65 °C; IR-HAD + HAD, sequential IR-HAD and HAD at 65 °C. -: Not detected.