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. 2022 Aug 5;19(15):9660. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159660

Table 5.

A robustness test at the country level.

Variables Adjacency Matrix Direct Effect Indirect Effect Total Effect Economic Matrix Direct Effect Indirect Effect Total Effect
Labor −0.751 *** −0.740 *** −0.42 −1.160 *** −0.576 *** −0.581 *** −0.576 ** −1.157 ***
Labor 2 1.332 *** 1.314 *** 0.962 *** 2.276 *** 1.196 *** 1.217 *** 1.443 *** 2.659 ***
Land 0.174 ** 0.178 ** 0.345 0.523 ** 0.135 * 0.146 ** 0.230 ** 0.376 ***
MCI 0.236 *** 0.236 *** 0.071 0.307 *** 0.235 *** 0.233 *** −0.105 *** 0.128 ***
Ln.PINC −0.00791 −0.0146 0.668 *** 0.654 *** −0.0563 −0.0463 0.506 *** 0.460 ***
IRR −0.345 *** −0.341 *** −0.0053 −0.346 −0.307 *** −0.299 *** 0.159 −0.14
ATP 0.00864 ** 0.00844 ** 0.0158 * 0.0242 *** 0.0121 *** 0.0121 *** 0.00335 0.0154 ***
FER −0.293 *** −0.291 *** −0.410 *** −0.702 *** −0.460 *** −0.462 *** 0.0353 −0.427 ***
AGE −0.846 ** −0.810 ** −1.320 * −2.130 *** −1.153 *** −1.085 *** 1.896 *** 0.811
W × Labor −0.488 −0.513 **
W × Labor2 1.089 *** 1.313 ***
sigma 0.0157 *** 0.0141 ***

Note: *, **, and *** indicate significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.