Table 1.

Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) methods.

No.	Methodology	Country of Origin	Description
1.	Schroth	Germany	The Schroth methodology is one of the most widely used and researched in the scientific literature. Its success is credited to its proprietary Schroth rotational angular breathing (RAB) technique. It is a three-dimensional treatment for scoliosis with a focus on the pattern-specific postural correction according to the Schroth’s classification system of scoliosis. Mirror monitoring allows the patient to synchronize the corrective movements and postural perceptions, and to receive immediate visual feedback. The five principles of the Schroth method are auto-elongation (detorsion), deflection, derotation, rotational breathing, and stabilization. Since Schroth was created, various branches of the school emerged [15,19,20].
2.	Lyon	France	Physiotherapeutic treatment includes 3D mobilization of the spine, mobilization of the iliolumbar angle (lumbar scoliosis), patient education, and activities of daily living, including correction of the sitting position. The basis of the Lyon method is to avoid spinal extension during exercise and to enhance kyphosis of the thoracic region with lordosis of the lumbar spine as well as frontal plane correction, segmental mobilization, core stabilization, proprioception, balance, and stabilization [15].
3.	SEAS (Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis)	Italy	The SEAS exercises are based on autocorrection and stabilization. The SEAS exercises have the following two main objectives, in order of importance: 1. The exercises aim to improve the main spinal function, i.e., spinal stability; 2. The exercises aim to improve eventual impairments that the initial evaluation may highlight (strength, muscular retraction, motor coordination, etc.) [18].
4.	BSPTS (Barcelona Scoliosis Physical Therapy School)	Spain	The BSPTS technique is based on the original Schroth method. The principles of correction follow the global postural alignment and are applied with high intensity forces created inside the body (‘from inside’) involving isometric tensions, expansions, and specific breathing. The BSPTS concept is based on four general principles, as follows: 3D postural correction, the expansion/contraction technique, stabilization by muscle tension, and integration [15].
5.	Side Shift	UK	The Side Shift method’s technique is based on intensive trunk-bending training. This in an active form of autocorrection, in which the patient is taught to shift the trunk sideways over the pelvis in the direction opposite to the convexity of the primary curvature [15,21].
6.	DoboMed	Poland	The DoboMed method focuses on deepening the thoracic kyphosis, carried on in closed kinematic chains, and developed on a symmetrically positioned pelvis and shoulder girdle, followed by active stabilization of the corrected position, and endured as postural habit. It also includes the rotational angular breathing exercise of Schroth [22].
7.	FITS (Functional Individual Therapy of Scoliosis)	Poland	The FITS methodology stands for Functional Independent Treatment for Scoliosis. It consists of two stages, as follows: the detection and elimination of myofascial restrictions, and the construction of a series of new corrective posture patterns in everyday activities [15,23].
8.	FED	Spain	The name of the method, FED, is an acronym of three words, namely F—fixation, E—elongation, and D—derotation. The FED methodology is described as a three-dimensional stabilization of the spine with its simultaneous extension and derotation. It uses a sophisticated mechanotherapy device for treatment, which enables corrective forces to act at the level of the scoliotic curve [15,24,25].