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Neuro-psycho-physiological model of stress and coping for the control group. Adapted Transactional Model of Stress and Coping by Lazarus and Folkman [27]. (a) Appraisal process arising from interactions between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, (b) the feeling/affect resulting from this appraisal and initiation of behavioral coping, and (c) autonomic and endocrine outputs from the hypothalamus, along with (d) downward signals to the brainstem and the spinal cord [44].
