Table 2.

Effects of PPARγ on cell proliferation and tumor growth.

Model	Intervention	Outcome	References
In vitro
Colon cancer cell lines	BRL 49653 activator	Proliferation⇩	[124]
Colon cancer cell lines	Troglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[126]
Liposarcoma cell lines	Pioglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[131]
Gastric cancer cell lines	Troglitazone, pioglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[132]
Gastric cancer cell lines	Troglitazone, 15d-PGJ2	Proliferation⇩	[133]
LA-N-5 nb neuroblastoma cell line	15d-PGJ2, GW1929	Proliferation⇩	[135]
SK-N-AS, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines	Rosiglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[136]
U87MG, T98G glioblastoma cell lines	15d-PGJ2	Proliferation⇩	[137]
U87, U251 glioblastoma cell lines	Rosiglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[138]
A375 melanoma cell line	15d-PGJ2, ciglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[142]
Different melanoma cell lines	Multiple thiazolidinediones	Proliferation⇩	[140]
A375 melanoma cell line, xenograft model	Ciglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[141]
H1792 and H1838 NSCLC lines	Rosiglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[144]
H295R adrenocortical cancer cell line	Rosiglitazone, pioglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[145,146]
MCF-7 breast cancer cell line	15d-PGJ2	Proliferation⇩	[159]
MCF-7 breast cancer cell line	15d-PGJ2, ciglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[160]
MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell lines	C-DIM	Proliferation⇩	[164]
MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells	Overexpression of PPARγ	Tumor growth⇩	[166]
MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells	+ PPARγ-overexpressing fibroblasts	Tumor growth⇧	[166]
Leiomyoma cell line	Ciglitazone, troglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[161]
Ishikawa, Sawano, RL95-2 endometrial carcinoma cell lines	15d-PGJ2	Proliferation⇩	[148]
SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line	C-DIM	Proliferation⇩	[149]
A2780, OVCAR3, OVCAR5, OVCAR8, OVCAR432, SKOV3, IGROV1 ovarian cancer cell lines	Ciglitazone, PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662	Proliferation⇩(agonist), proliferation⇧ (antagonist)	[150]
RPMI 8226 multiple-myeloma cell line	Overexpression of PPAR-γ	Proliferation⇩	[151]
B-cell lymphoma cell line	Silencing, overexpression of PPAR-γ	Proliferation⇧ (silencing), proliferation⇩ (overexpression)	[152]
G292, MG63, SAOS and U2OS osteosarcoma cell lines	Troglitazone	Proliferation⇧	[171]
143B, MNNG/HOS, MG-63, and TE-85 osteosarcoma cell lines	Troglitazone, ciglitazone	Proliferation⇩	[172]
H292, H3118, HMC1, HMC3A, HMC3B mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines	SR10221, SR2595, T0070907 inverse agonists	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩	[174]
In vivo
C57BL/6J-APCMin/+ mice	BRL-49,653, troglitazone	Tumor growth⇧	[122]
C57BL/6J-APCMin/+ mice	Troglitazone	Tumor growth⇧	[123]
Colon cancer cell lines, xenograft mouse model	Troglitazone	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩	[125]
SW480 colon cancer cell line, xenograft model	C-DIM	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩	[127]
A549 NSCLC line, xenograft models	Troglitazone, pioglitazone	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩	[143]
NCI-H2347, NCI-H1993 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, xenograft models	Pioglitazone	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩	[173]
Huh7 and Hep3B hepatocellular cancer cell lines, xenograft models	Troglitazone	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩	[147]
Dominant-negative mutant thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRbetaPV/PV mice)	Rosiglitazone	Tumor growth⇩	[157]
MMTV-VpPPARγ animals	Breeding with MMTV-PyV strain	Tumor growth⇧	[165]
MSE cell-specific PPARγ knockout (PPARγ-MSE KO)	7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast tumorigenesis	Tumor growth⇧	[167]
Thirty-eight patients with early-stage breast cancer	Rosiglitazone	Proliferation≈, tumor growth≈	[168]
UV and chemically induced skin carcinogenesis	Rosiglitazone, troglitazone	Tumor growth≈	[169]
CML LSCs Three patients with CML	Pioglitazone in combination with imatinib	Proliferation⇩, CMR≈5 years	[155]
EHMES-10, MSTO-211H mesothelioma cell lines, xenograft models	Troglitazone	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩	[153]
Esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma line, xenograft model	Efatutazone; troglitazone	Proliferation⇩, tumor growth⇩; proliferation≈, tumor growth≈	[154]
Overexpression of dn PPAR-γ in myeloid lineage cells		Tumor growth⇧	[158]

⇧ Indicates increase, ⇩ indicates decrease.