Table 3.

The subgroup analyses for the associations between binge-watching and mental health problems.

Mental Health Problem (n)			No. of Studies	ES (95% CI)	I2 (%)	Tau2
Depression (n = 9)	COVID-19 pandemic	Yes	3	0.28 (0.24; 0.32)	0	0
		No	6	0.05 (−0.13; 0.22)	91.8	0.04
	Risk of bias	Low	4	0.12 (−0.06; 0.31)	88.3	0.03
		High	5	0.15 (−0.001; 0.29)	93.3	0.03
	Country developmental status	Developing	2	0.20 (0.004; 0.39)	87.7	0.02
		Developed	7	0.12 (−0.02; 0.25)	92	0.03
Anxiety (n = 6)	COVID-19 pandemic	Yes	3	0.21 (0.05; 0.384)	95.1	0.02
		No	3	0.29 (0.14; 0.44)	70	0.01
	Risk of bias	Low	3	0.20 (−0.04; 0.43)	95	0.04
		High	3	0.27(0.19; 0.36)	69.6	0.003
	Country developmental status	Developing	1	0.34 (0.28; 0.40)	-	-
		Developed	5	0.22 (0.11; 0.33)	87.1	0.01
Stress (n = 3)	COVID-19 pandemic	Yes	3	0.32 (0.20; 0.44)	86.9	0.009
	Risk of bias	Low	1	0.41 (0.35; 0.47)	-	-
		High	2	0.27 (0.17; 0.37)	66	0.004
	Country developmental status	Developing	1	0.41 (0.35; 0.47)	-	-
		Developed	2	0.27(0.17;0.37)	66	0.004
Loneliness (n = 6)	COVID-19 pandemic	Yes	1	0.27 (0.21; 0.33)	-	-
		No	5	0.17 (0.10; 0.24)	62.5	0.004
	Risk of bias	Low	2	0.16 (−0.06; 0.38)	90.4	0.02
		High	4	0.21 (0.16; 0.26)	22.3	0.001
	Country developmental status	Developing	2	0.16 (−0.06; 0.38)	90.4	0.02
		Developed	4	0.21 (0.16; 0.26)	22.3	0.001
Insomnia (n = 5)	COVID-19 pandemic	Yes	1	0.32 (0.26; 0.38)	-	-
		No	4	0.11 (−0.01; 0.23)	71.5	0.01
	Risk of bias	Low	2	0.26 (0.14; 0.39)	78.6	0.01
		High	3	0.08 (−0.08; 0.23)	72.1	0.01
	Country development status	Developing	2	0.26 (0.14; 0.39)	78.6	0.007
		Developed	3	0.08 (−0.08; 0.23)	72.1	0.01