Table 4.
The results of the meta-regression analysis in association between binge-watching and mental health problems.
| Univariate Regression | Multivariate Regression | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Health Problems | Variables | No. of Studies | Coeff. | S.E. | p | I2 Residual (%) | Adj. R2 (%) | Tau2 | No. of Studies | Coeff. | S.E. | p | I2 Residual (%) | Adj. R2 (%) | Tau2 |
| Depression (n = 9) |
Country | 9 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 91.05 | −6.27 | 0.04 | 6 | ||||||
| NOS score | 9 | −0.01 | 0.11 | 0.93 | 91.79 | −13.26 | 0.04 | ||||||||
| COVID−19 pandemic (Yes vs. No) |
9 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 88.57 | 32.59 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 53.78 | 85.92 | 0.006 | ||
| Participants mean age (years) | 6 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 93.35 | 13.52 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |||||
| Percentage of female participants |
9 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.24 | 91.35 | 8.55 | 0.03 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.19 | |||||
| Anxiety (n = 6) | Country | 6 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.59 | 89.24 | −16.59 | 0.02 | 5 | ||||||
| NOS score | 6 | −0.07 | 0.09 | 0.5 | 91.42 | −8.75 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| COVID-19 pandemic (Yes vs. No) |
6 | −0.07 | 0.11 | 0.55 | 91.57 | −15.34 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Participants mean age (years) | 5 | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0.19 | 0.004 | 0.04 | 0 | 99.02 | 0.0001 | ||
| Percentage of female participants |
6 | −0.006 | 0.004 | 0.19 | 86.75 | 31.02 | 0.01 | −0.002 | 0.002 | 0.58 | |||||
| Stress (n = 3) | Country | 3 | −0.03 | 0.007 | 0.16 | 0 | 100 | 0 | Number of studies were insufficient | ||||||
| NOS score | 3 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 66.03 | 56.68 | 0.003 | ||||||||
| Percentage of female participants |
3 | −0.007 | 0.002 | 0.16 | 0 | 100 | 0 | ||||||||
| Loneliness (n = 6) |
Country | 6 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 66.01 | −19.81 | 0.01 | As no significant predictor was found in the univariable meta-regression, multivariable analysis was not conducted. | ||||||
| NOS score | 6 | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.83 | 72.02 | −47.82 | 0.007 | ||||||||
| COVID-19 pandemic (Yes vs. No) |
6 | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 62.46 | 1.75 | 0.005 | ||||||||
| Participants mean age (years) | 4 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 70.06 | −18.80 | 0.005 | ||||||||
| Percentage of female participants |
6 | −0.001 | 0.003 | 0.8 | 71.26 | −43.65 | 0.007 | ||||||||
| Insomnia (n = 5) |
Country | 5 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 80.08 | 19.79 | 0.01 | Number of studies were insufficient | ||||||
| NOS score | 5 | 0.19 | 0.1 | 0.16 | 74.66 | 46.78 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| COVID-19 pandemic (Yes vs. No) |
5 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 71.49 | 42.89 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| Participants mean age (years) | 3 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 18.86 | 86.91 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| Percentage of female participants |
3 | −0.01 | 0.002 | 0.01 | - | 100 | 0 | ||||||||
Coeff: Coefficient; S.E.: Standard Error; NOS score: methodological quality score based on Newcastle–Ottawa checklist; Adj. R2: Adjusted R2.