Table 2.

Factors Related to Parental Efficacy in Managing Adolescent Smartphone Use: Hierarchical Regression Analysis of.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Variables	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β
Step 1: Demographic
Parents’ sex	0.239	0.232	0.071	0.107	0.218	0.032	0.197	0.216	0.059
Parents’ years of education	0.058	0.031	0.130	0.031	0.030	0.069	0.018	0.030	0.039
Adolescents’ sex	0.078	0.253	0.021	0.211	0.240	0.057	0.274	0.236	0.074
Adolescents’ age	−0.121	0.047	−0.176 *	−0.082	0.045	−0.119	−0.085	0.044	−0.124
Step 2: Adolescents’ factors
Adolescents’ ODD symptoms				−0.040	0.020	−0.182 *	−0.042	0.019	−0.190 *
Adolescents’ inattention symptoms				0.000	0.018	−0.001	−0.003	0.017	−0.015
Adolescents’ H/I symptoms				0.016	0.020	0.076	0.019	0.020	0.090
Adolescents’ problematic smartphone use				−0.071	0.016	−0.311 ***	−0.061	0.016	−0.270 ***
Step 3: Parental factors
Parents’ depressive symptom							0.005	0.010	0.034
Parental affection/care							0.060	0.017	0.234 ***
Parental overprotection							−0.004	0.024	−0.012
Adjusted R2	0.05			0.18			0.22

H/I: Hyperactivity/impulsivity; ODD: Oppositional defiant disorder. * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001.